tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65188900960763360212024-03-05T00:12:57.398-08:00Medieval Danish and European FamiliesThyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.comBlogger97125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-64048536824708489242021-02-01T05:02:00.005-08:002021-02-01T07:09:10.900-08:00Tove of the Obrodrites, married to Harald 1. Bluetooth<p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><b>Danish Queens for a Thousand Years <br /></b></i></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b>T</b><span><b>ove of the Obodrites</b></span></i></span>,</span> also called <i>Tova</i>, <i>Tofa</i> or <i>Thora</i>, (ab. 970) was a Slavic princess.</p><p>Tove was married to Harald Bluetooth, (ab. 970). (<i>see article Harald Gormsen/ Harald Bluetooth)</i><br /></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfn-5YYHo14FRIXAyaBv3VVcg8VZ6QFfl5bp6h3pwLgUOfpg4L1jnyWpuCiH0cGqX1sR7Okj_uSXMWx9jZPvlxKiUCSoyNm6rfrYW0PvRzZZAfUp3McSq1AbRTz_rcNaJv4xaLBJMK_we6/s1138/Sdr+Vissing+kirke+runesten+30-2003.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1138" data-original-width="790" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfn-5YYHo14FRIXAyaBv3VVcg8VZ6QFfl5bp6h3pwLgUOfpg4L1jnyWpuCiH0cGqX1sR7Okj_uSXMWx9jZPvlxKiUCSoyNm6rfrYW0PvRzZZAfUp3McSq1AbRTz_rcNaJv4xaLBJMK_we6/w139-h200/Sdr+Vissing+kirke+runesten+30-2003.jpg" width="139" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b></b></i></span>Tove, her name carved in runes as ᛏᚢᚠᛅ<i>,</i>
was the daughter of Prince Mistivir/Mistivoj of the Obodrites/ Obotrites,(ab. 990), a region als
known as Wendland. It is not known if she had any children or not. She
is known from the runestone in Sønder Vissing kirke ( in Jutland),
carved in memory of her mother. <br /></p><p>Text: <i>”Tofa (Tove), Mistivojs datter, Harald den Godes,
Gorms søns kone, lod gøre dette dødeminde efter sin moder." </i> </p><p>Mistive
must be the Obodriter Prince Mistivoj whose most famous act was the
plunder of the city Hamburg in 983. The Obodrites was a Slavic people
living near the Danish border and it seems that Harald and Mistivoj had
formed an alliance in order to avoid German protrusion north of the Elb. </p><p><b><i>Sources:</i></b> <i>Danske dronninger i tusind år , Steffen Heiberg/ and wikipedia.<b> </b></i></p><p><i><b> <br /></b></i></p><p><i><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Tove's father Mistivoj:</span><br /></b></i></p><p><i><b></b></i></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOu99rDI7SXGmBiye2kNfiNf7yKz2V3lroxvCbtpfko1ysFtQfQQ4gJH4uy-St7IOVLXE50alFQ_Gtf7SmLlAs1mAgcw96UcSm_OcN9lHE0WXmPyhDFHmoDB8T06Hp3kT8UiXva7iCEuOV/s300/battle+of+stilon-Shot-2018-01-19-at-13.19.25-300x234.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="300" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOu99rDI7SXGmBiye2kNfiNf7yKz2V3lroxvCbtpfko1ysFtQfQQ4gJH4uy-St7IOVLXE50alFQ_Gtf7SmLlAs1mAgcw96UcSm_OcN9lHE0WXmPyhDFHmoDB8T06Hp3kT8UiXva7iCEuOV/w200-h156/battle+of+stilon-Shot-2018-01-19-at-13.19.25-300x234.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Battle at Stilo</i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><i><b><br />Mistivoj/Mstivoj</b></i> (935? - 995) was an Obodrite prince (<i>princeps Winulorum</i>) from 965 or 967 until his death. He inherited his position along with his brother Mstidrag from their father Nako in an unknown year. Mstiwoj is an old Slavic name popular among west slavs and East slavs, cognate with the slavic word for vengeance . Thus the name has meaning "Avenger of warriors" or "Avenger
warrior". The Christian name of <i><b>Mistivoj</b></i> was <i><b>Billung</b></i> - baptised after his probable godfather Hermann Billung.<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography"></span></h2><p>In 983, the brothers were leaders of the great Slavic revolt, which German historiography labels the <i>Slawenaufstand</i>, which followed news of the Emperor Otto II's defeat at the Battle of Stilo. He raided far to the west and even destroyed the relatively new city of Hamburg that year. There are two accounts of his life and his reasons for abandoning Christianity.
</p><p><i>According to Adam of Bremen</i>: A Slavic prince named Billung married the beautiful sister of Bishop Wago of Starigard and had with her a daughter Hodica and a son Mstislav, whom he, taking advantage of his jealousy of the Saxons,
goaded into hatred of Christianity and his mother until, having so
<br />offended his wife, he began to connive against Christianity and the
bishops.
</p><blockquote>
</blockquote>
<p>According to Helmold: Duke Herman Billung [actually Duke Bernard I)
promised a niece of his to Mstivoj [or Mstivoj requested] if he
accompanied him on campaign to Italy. That Mstivoj did and upon
returning reminded him of the promise. Then Dietrich of Haldensleben proclaimed that "the high-born niece of a great prince may not be given to a dog," whereupon Mstivoj, recruiting the Liutizi to aid him, devastated Nordalbingia with fire and sword. </p><blockquote>
</blockquote>
<p>Helmold also justifies the Slavic rebellion repeatedly by citing the excessive greed of the Saxons.
</p><p>Mstivoj's daughter Tove married Harald Bluetooth and raised the Sønder Vissing Runestone
in memory of her mother. Another daughter, Hodica, was abbess of the
monastery at the Mecklenburg. Mstivoj also had a son, Mstislaw, often
being confused with his similarly named father.
</p>
<h2><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span></span></i>: <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Jacobsen, Lis. "Kong Haralds og Kong Gorms Jellingmonumenter." Scandia, IV. Lund, 1931. p. 264.</i></span></span></h2><p> </p><p><i><b><span style="font-size: large;"></span></b></i></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5NlBdaQrP84GMR0svZgukISQHijDJ6BaE-wJrIDWfZx8UZKwf8b4xVpHxb6imYf1J-vEDjtQzEyA5Jc1uEuwxgBS9DDL88Ojp-VyEmlI73h8taYkusVFDDWwRVPzIdutWBxtCA_e1DJyO/s281/obodrites.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="179" data-original-width="281" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5NlBdaQrP84GMR0svZgukISQHijDJ6BaE-wJrIDWfZx8UZKwf8b4xVpHxb6imYf1J-vEDjtQzEyA5Jc1uEuwxgBS9DDL88Ojp-VyEmlI73h8taYkusVFDDWwRVPzIdutWBxtCA_e1DJyO/w200-h127/obodrites.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Obodrite territory</i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b><span><span>The Obodrites/Obotrites: </span></span></b></i></span><br /><p></p><p> The <b>Obodrites</b> or <b>Obotrites</b>, also spelled <b>Abodrites</b> were a confederation of medieval West Slavic tribes within the territory of modern Mecklenburg and Holstein in northern Germany . For decades, they were allies of Charlemagne in his wars against the Germanic Saxons and the Slavic Veleti. The Obotrites under Prince Thrasco defeated the Saxons in the Battle of Bornhöved (798). The still heathen Saxons were dispersed by the emperor, and the part of their former land in Holstein north of Elbe was awarded to the Obotrites in 804, as a reward for their victory. This however was soon reverted through an invasion of the Danes. The Obotrite regnal style was abolished in 1167, when Pribislav was restored to power by Duke Henry the Lion, as Prince of Mecklenburg, thereby founding the German House of Mecklenburg.</p><p>As allies of the Carolingian kings and the empire of their Ottonian successors, the Obotrites fought from 808 to 1200 against the kings of Denmark, who wished to rule the Baltic region
independently of the empire. When opportunities arose, for instance
upon the death of an emperor, they would seek to seize power; and in 983 Hamburg was destroyed by the Obotrites under their king, Mstivoj. At times they levied tribute from the Danes and Saxons. Under the leadership of Niklot, they resisted a Christian assault during the Wendish Crusade.</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"> </div></div><p><br />German missionaries such as Vicelinus converted the Obotrites to Christianity. In 1170 they acknowledged the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire, leading to Germanisation
and assimilation over the following centuries. However, up to the late
15th century most villagers in the Obotritic area were still speaking
Slavic dialects, although subsequently their language was displaced by German.
The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century
in Hanoverian Wendland, eastern Lower Saxony (bordering modern
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania).
The ruling clan of the Obotrites kept its power throughout the
Germanisation and ruled their country (except during a short
interruption in Thirty Year's War) as House of Mecklenburg until the end of monarchies in Germany in November Revolution 1918.<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" id="CITEREFJensen2006"> </cite></span></p><p><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" id="CITEREFJensen2006">Jensen, Carsten Selch (2006)."Abodrites" <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Alan V. Murray (ed.). <i>The Crusades: An Encyclopedia</i>. </cite></span></p>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-78711649298588723542019-12-08T08:52:00.002-08:002019-12-08T08:52:46.644-08:00Knud Lavard was murdered at Christmas in 1130 <span style="font-size: 180%;"><b>Knud Eriksson Lavard</b></span><br />
* March 12. 1096 + January 7. 1131<br />
<a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1569/1834/1600/Sankt%20Bendts%20Kirke%20A.1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1569/1834/400/Sankt%20Bendts%20Kirke%20A.jpg" /></a><br />
<a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1569/1834/1600/Ringsted68-29A.1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1569/1834/400/Ringsted68-29A.0.jpg" /></a><br />
<i>Sct.Bendts Church, Ringsted, Zealand</i><br />
<br />
Knud
was a son of Erik 1. Ejegod and Bodil Thrugotsdatter. After his
parents' death on a pilgrimage the seven year old Knud was first brought
up by the legendary Zealand chief Skjalm Hvide and later by Herzog
Lothar of Saxony, who became German king in 1125. Knud was married to
Ingeborg of Russia in 1116; she was a daughter of Grossfürst Mstislav 1.
of Kiev and Christina of Sweden, and about the same time , when he was
about 20 years old, he became Jarl of the border and Hertug of
Schleswig. His mission was to protect the merchants and the trade routes
against the Wends, which he did so successfully that the merchants
appointed him their patron protector. His byname Lavard was a name of
honour; the word originated from Old English hlaford = Lord. It meant
Lord(Herre) in Saxon and other Germanic languages - the original meaning
was bread giver.<br />
<br />
In the beginning of the 1100s Henrik
Gottskalkssøn, a son of the Abodrit knés Gottskalk, threatened the
Danish south border, since king Niels, his mother's brother, would not
pay the inheritance after his mother Sigrid, a daughter of Svend
Estridssen. Knud Lavard fought for some years several times against
Henrik, until a peace was contracted between Danes and Abodrits. After
Henrik Gottskalkssøn's death Knud became - with the assistance from king
Lothar - Henrik's successor as knés over the Abodrits under Saxon
superiority. Knud Lavard was in this way both the Danish and German
king's vassal.<br />
<br />
As a son of king Erik 1. Ejegod Knud
Lavard was an obvious candidate to the Danish throne, also because he
had important and friendly contacts to king Lothar and the Wends, but
others were more than interested in the royal power. Among those were
his cousin Magnus, a son of king Niels - and another cousin, Henrik
Skadelaar, a son of Svend, who like Niels and Erik Ejegod was a son of
Svend Estridssen. Svend had been desperate for gaining the Danish crown,
but he died on 1104 on his way to Viborg Thing. Henrik had inherited
his father's dream; he conspired with Magnus against Knud Lavard for
years.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1569/1834/1600/Roskilde70-16.1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1569/1834/400/Roskilde70-16.0.jpg" /></a><br />
<i>Roskilde Cathedral, Zealand</i>It
all started seemingly peaceful Christmas 1130 in a cosy get-together of
the royal family. King Niels, who was about 66 years old, had gathered
some of his family in Roskilde. At that point his queen, Margrethe
Fredkulla had been gone long ago, it is said she died about 1117. The
family members assembled that Christmas might have been Magnus and his
wife, Richiza of Poland and their children; Henrik Skadelaar was
probably alone, since his wife Ingerid, who was a brother's daughter of
Margrethe Fredkulla, had run away with her lover - unless he had brought
her back again. The story says he found her in Aalborg. They had three
sons.The special Christmas guests were Knud Lavard and his pregnant
wife, Ingeborg, and possibly their three daughters, Margrethe, Christina
and Cathrine, the eldest was about 13-14 years old. Ingeborg's mother,
Christina,was a sister of Margrethe Fredkulla - everyone in these
Christmas days were closely related - and yet something sinister went on
underneath the surface.<br />
<br />
Margrethe was known to be a
peacemaker. Her byname Fredkulla meant "The Peace Girl", and while she
lived, she had probably enough to do keeping peace among Svend
Estridssen's strong willed sons and grandsons. A source says that she
had made bad blood between Magnus and Knud Lavard, but it was more
plausible Henrik Skadelaar, who intrigued with Magnus against Knud.
Henrik was often mentioned as a bitter person, filled with envy and hate
against Knud Lavard.Knud was blamed for his royal behaviour and
luxurious "foreign" clothes; it was not suitable to outshine the king
himself. Maybe it was on this Christmas holiday that Henrik exclaimed
that Scarlet clothes would never secure Knud against a sword, to which
Knud replied that Henrik was not at all safer in his sheepskins.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1569/1834/1600/Forest%20in%20decemberA.0.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1569/1834/400/Forest%20in%20decemberA.jpg" /></a><br />
<br />
After
the visit in Roskilde Knud Lavard and his wife and daughters went to
visit another kinsman, a daughter of Knud the Holy, Cæcilia and her
husband Erik Jarl on their manor house near Haraldsted Church north of
Ringsted. Cæcilia and Erik had strong family ties to the powerful Hvide
family, since their daughter Inge was married to Skjalm Hvide's son
Asser Rig (Ryg). Inge and Asser had two little sons, Absalon was two and
Esbern(Snare) three years old. They didn't know yet, but they would
soon become the sworn brothers of Knud and Ingeborg's son Valdemar.<br />
<br />
While
Knud Lavard and Ingeborg were guests by Cæcilia and Erik Jarl, Magnus
summoned Knud for a friendly meeting in Haraldsted Forest on January
7th. Ingeborg was suspicious and tried to persuade her husband not to
go, but Knud suspected no foul play. He went off with only a few men and
straight into an ambush, in which he was murdered by Magnus and his men
on the day after Twelfth Night.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1569/1834/1600/HaraldstedDobbeltA.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1569/1834/400/HaraldstedDobbeltA.jpg" /></a><br />
<i>Haraldsted Church, Zealand</i><br />
<br />
It
is easy to imagine the horror and grief in Knud Lavard's family.
Cæcilia asked - probably on behalf of the shocked Ingeborg - that Knud's
body should be brought to Haraldsted Church and buried there, but some
days later his coffin was carried to Ringsted. On January 14th, seven
days after her husband's murder, Ingeborg gave birth to a son, who was
named Valdemar after her grandfather, Grand Prince Vladimir Monomachos
of Kijev.<br />
<br />
Ingeborg spent probably some time by the
family in Haraldsted, and she decided that it would be safest for her
son to be brought up in the strong and loyal Hvide family like his
father before him. Years later she made another important decision for
her son. On September 18th in 1137 king Erik 2. Emune was murdered, and
the chief Kristiern Svendsen, a cousin of Knud Lavard and one of the
mightiest men in the country, wanted the six year old Valdemar
pronounced king of Denmark, but Ingeborg opposed strongly and did not
give her consent.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1569/1834/1600/Ringsted68-26ABbright.0.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1569/1834/400/Ringsted68-26ABbright.jpg" /></a><br />
<i>Sct. Bendts Church, Ringsted, Zealand</i><br />
<br />
After
Knud Lavard's murder the Zealand chiefs held a thing and forced king
Niels to send Magnus in exile. Knud's half brother Erik Emune acted as
Knud's avenger and was pronounced king in Skaane. Henrik Skadelaar still
worked behind scenes and persuaded king Niels to send for his son
again, and it was actually Magnus' return, which started several years
of bloody civil war between Niels and Magnus on one side and Erik Emune
on the other.<br />
<br />
Down south the situation was also tense.
The German-Roman emperor Lothar (crowned emperor 1133) wanted revenge
for the murder of his vassal. In 1134, during the civil wars, the new
pope, Innocens, abolished the independence of the Danish Church and
placed it under Hamburg-Bremen again. This caused archbishop Asser to
join Erik Emune - and so did the migthy Hvide family.<br />
<br />
After
years of violent civil wars and various victories and defeats it ended
on June 4th 1134 in a battle by Fodevig near Lund in Skaane. The battle
was a total defeat for Niels and Magnus. Magnus and Henrik Skadelaar
were killed, and Niels fled to Schleswig,where he was recognized and
killed by the citizens who wanted to revenge Knud Lavard. Erik Emune
came on the throne and started at once the efforts to strenghten his
legality by having Knud Lavard sainted.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1569/1834/1600/KnudLavard128-8.5.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1569/1834/400/KnudLavard128-8.0.jpg" /></a><br />
<i>Knud Lavard's chapel, Haraldsted, Zealand</i><br />
<br />
According
to tradition a spring welled up where Knud Lavard was murdered - and
another spring where the bearers stopped on their way to Ringsted. Soon
miracles happened by his grave, and an abbey was founded in 1135 to take
care of the grave and help the pious pilgrims, who came to visit. Upon
the scene of the murder a chapel was built, which gave good income by
pilgrimages.<br />
<br />
Finally the Holy See had to acknowledge
Knud Lavard as a saint, and in a great ceremony his bones were moved
into a glorious shrine upon the high altar of the big - not yet finished
abbey church, which later was given the name Sct. Bendts Church. This
happened on June 25. 1170, which became Knud Lavard's official Saint's
day. At this point Knud's son had gained power long ago. He was crowned
sole king in 1157 by the name Valdemar the Great.<br />
<br />
<i><span style="font-size: 85%;">photos: grethe bachmann</span></i>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-52201561020884747102013-03-13T11:58:00.001-07:002013-03-13T11:58:07.566-07:00Gytha Thorgilsdatter ~ Godwin of Wessex<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-xqDpW9eVzug69E_ExoAK_AshKcuoQz6CzpTbca0RMXFEYD3elKI6xKBPD0QirCzrFJrSQR_jHXIf3kldEkc9hdJD5wXwMXn3HzaTyTxbUMJVUnc4rcbeR7BWKKf6IDJjbWZSS5L6bxe8/s1600/bayeux+battle+images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<br />
<i><br /></i>
<i>Gytha/Gyda Thorgilsdatter/ Thorkelsdottir (Old English: <span lang="ang">Gȳða Þorkelsdōttir</span>), also called Githa<b>, </b>~ Godwin Wulfnotson of Wessex. ( Old English: <span lang="ang">Godƿin</span>) </i><br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRai126FKSvkv0wd8i6YFTcGwDHFUjGrLmdy_uLwfqu93ZNI9Qmuu7g-IJgcSoQWA2KYhAAeBiehHKPJ69AJWAKXiMyS03VP1zLmwDzKIIcwsO7pVDjMu-fP74TfP567rAWnn9TGzF3Q5c/s1600/gytha+Countess_Gytha_St_Nectans.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRai126FKSvkv0wd8i6YFTcGwDHFUjGrLmdy_uLwfqu93ZNI9Qmuu7g-IJgcSoQWA2KYhAAeBiehHKPJ69AJWAKXiMyS03VP1zLmwDzKIIcwsO7pVDjMu-fP74TfP567rAWnn9TGzF3Q5c/s320/gytha+Countess_Gytha_St_Nectans.jpg" width="123" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gytha -(from wikipedia).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i><b>Gytha/Gyda,</b></i>
–1040–, was a daughter of Thorgils Styrbjørnsson Sprakaleggg/Sprakling and a
sister of Ulf Jarl<b>, </b>who was married to Estrid, a daughter of Svend Tveskæg and a sister of Canute the Great. At an expedition in England Ulf was said to have
had assistance from Godwin, whom he therefore protected and recommended
to his brother-in-law king Canute. He soon learned about Godwin's
skills, and Godwin, who had married Gytha ab. 1019, became Earl of
Wessex in 1020 and the king's special counselor. Godwin was a skilled
warrior, but also ingenious, knowledgeable and of character. He
possessed great eloquence and an ability to win people. Gytha seems to
have been his equal of character, she held sincere piety and was very
charitable to the church and to the poor. <br />
<br />
Gytha shared
the shifting fate of her husband. Godwin kept his power under
Hardicanute and under Edward the Confessor, who married Godwin's daughter
Eadgyth/ Edith in 1045. Godwin and his sons, who also were in high
positions, were for a period the most distinguished governors of the
kingdom. But gradually the French influence began to make an impact on
the king, and when Godwin - supported by the public opinion - would not
yield to this, he was banished from the country in 1051. He went with
his family to Flanders.<br />
<br />
When Godwin arrived with a fleet at the coast of
England and people joined him, Edward felt obliged to let him return in
1052. Godwin became ill not long after and died 15 April 1053. His son
Harald/Harold inherited his position and influence and ascended the
throne after Edward's death in 1066. But William of Normandy made
his claim, and in the Battle of Senlac (Hastings) the same year Harold
was killed together with his two brothers Leofwine and Gyrth. Gytha
arrived the day after the battle to William and asked having Harold's
body delivered against paying his weight in gold. Her request was
rejected.<br />
<br />
Godwin's party had still after the conquest of the country a
strong support from the western Shires, and during a rebellion in 1068
was Exeter, where Gytha lived, the center of the movement. The city
had to surrender to William, but before the gates were opened, Gytha had
escaped and sought refuge in some islets in the British Channel. She
later went to Saint Omer in Flanders. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Gytha
left England after the Norman conquest,
together with the wives or widows and families of other prominent
Anglo-Saxons, all the Godwin family estates having been confiscated by
William. Little else is known of Gytha's life or future, although it is
probable that she went to Scandinavia (like her granddaughter and
namesake), where she had relatives. Her surviving (and youngest) son
Wulfnoth lived nearly all his life in
captivity in Normandy until William the Conqueror's death in 1087. Only
her
eldest daughter Queen Edith (d. 1075) still held some power (however
nominal) as widow of Edward the Confessor. Gytha's year of death is unknown.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bayeux tapestry (English history.com)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i><b>Godwin of Wessex</b></i> (died 15 April 1053) was one of the most powerful earls in England under the Danish King Canute the Great and his successors. Canute made him the first Earl of Wessex. Godwin was the father of King Harold Godwinson and Edith of Wessex, wife of King Edward the Confessor. Godwin's father was probably Wulfnoth Cild, c. 1014, who was a thegn of Sussex, who is regarded by historians as the probable father of Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and thus the grandfather of Harold Godwinson. It is known that Godwin's father was called Wulfnoth, and in the view of Frank Barlow the Godwin family's massive estates in Sussex are indisputable evidence that Wulfnoth was the South Saxon thegn.
His origin is unknown but 'Cild' normally refers to a man of rank. In
1009 Wulfnoth was accused of unknown crimes at a muster of Æthelred the Unready's
fleet and fled with twenty ships; the ships sent to pursue him were
destroyed in a storm. Godwin was probably an adherent of Æthelred's
eldest son, Æthelstan, who left him an estate when he died in 1014. This estate in Compton<sup>, </sup>Sussex, had once belonged to Godwin’s father. Although he is now always thought of as connected with Wessex, Godwin had probably been raised in Sussex, not Wessex and was probably a native of Sussex<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EncBr1911_1-1"> </sup><br />
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EncBr1911_1-1"> </sup>
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After Canute seized the throne in 1016, Godwin's rise was rapid. By
1018 he was an Earl, probably of eastern Wessex, and then by around 1020
of all Wessex.
Between 1019 and 1023 he accompanied Canute on an expedition to Denmark,
where he distinguished himself, and shortly afterwards married Gytha , the sister of the Danish Earl, Ulf, who was married to Canute's sister Estrid. 12 November 1035, Canute died. His kingdoms were divided among three rival rulers. Harold Harefoot, Canute's illegitimate son with Ælfgifu of Northhampton, seized the throne of England. Harthacnut, Canute's legitimate son with Emma of Normandy reigned in Denmark. Norway rebelled under Magnus the Noble. In 1035, the throne of England was reportedly claimed by Alfred Ætheling, younger son of Emma of Normandy and Æthelred the Unready, and half-brother of Harthacnut. Godwin is
reported to have either captured Alfred himself or to have deceived him
by pretending to be his ally and then surrendering him to the forces of
Harold Harefoot. Either way Alfred was blinded and soon died at Ely. In 1040, Harold Harefoot died and Godwin supported the accession of
his half-brother Harthacnut to the throne of England. When Harthacnut
himself died in 1042 Godwin supported the claim of Æthelred's last
surviving son Edward the Confessor to the throne. Edward had spent most of the previous thirty years in Normandy. His reign restored the native royal house of Wessex to the throne of England.<br />
<br />
Despite his alleged responsibility for the death of Edward's brother Alfred,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin,_Earl_of_Wessex#cite_note-5"></a></sup> Godwin secured the marriage of his daughter Edith (Eadgyth) to Edward in 1045.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin,_Earl_of_Wessex#cite_note-6"></a></sup>
As Edward drew advisors, nobles and priests from his former place of
refuge in a bid to develop his own power base, Godwin soon became the
leader of opposition to growing Norman influence. After a violent clash between the people of Dover and the visiting Eustace, Count of Boulogne, Edward's brother-in-law, Godwin was ordered to punish the people of Dover (as he and Leofric, Earl of Mercia had done in Worcester,
in Leofric's own earldom). This time, however, Godwin refused, choosing
to champion his own countrymen against a (visiting) foreign ruler and
his own king. Edward saw this as a test of power, and managed to enlist
the support of Siward, Earl of Northumbria
and Earl Leofric. Godwin and his sons were exiled from the kingdom in
September 1051. However, they returned the following year with an armed
force, which gained the support of the navy, burghers, and peasants, so
compelling Edward to restore his earldom. This however set a precedent
to be followed by a rival earl some years later, and then by Godwin's
own son in 1066.<br />
<br />
On 15 April 1053 Godwin died suddenly, after collapsing during a royal banquet at Winchester. Some colourful accounts claim that he choked on a piece of bread while denying any disloyalty to the king. However this appears to be later Norman propaganda. Contemporary accounts indicate that he just had a sudden illness, possibly a stroke.<br />
<br />
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His son Harold succeeded him as Earl of Wessex, an area then covering
roughly the southernmost third of England. With the death of Earl
Siward (1055) and later Earl Ælfgar
(1062), the children of Godwin were poised to assume sole control.
Tostig was helped into the earldom of Northumbria, thus controlling the
north. The Mercian earl was sidelined, especially after Harold and
Tostig broke the Welsh-Mercian alliance in 1063. Harold later succeeded
Edward the Confessor and became King of England in his own right in
1066. At this point, both Harold's remaining brothers in England were
earls in their own right, Harold was himself king and in control of
Wessex, and he had married the sister of Earl Edwin of Mercia and Morcar, Earl of Northumbria,
(who had succeeded his brother Tostig). Godwin's family looked set to
inaugurate a new royal dynasty. But instead Harold was overthrown and
killed in the Norman Conquest.<br />
<br />
<i>Gytha and Godwin's children.</i><br />
1. Edith of Wessex (c. 1020-18 December 1075) queen consort of Edward the Confessor. <br />
2. Harold II Godwinson of England (c. 1022 - d.14 October 1066)<br />
3. Sweyn Godwinson, Earl of Mercia (c. 1023 - d. 29 September 1052).<br />
4. Tostig Godwinson , Earl of Northumbria (c. 1026 - d.25 September 1066)<br />
5. Gyrth Godwinson ( c. 1030 - d.14 October 1066)<br />
6. Leofwine Godwinson, Earl of Kent ( c. 1035 - d.14 October 1066)<br />
7. Wulfnoth Godwinson ( c. 1040 - d. after 1087) <br />
8. Alfgar, possibly a monk in Rheims.<br />
9. Edgiva.<br />
10.Elgiva/Ælfgifu (c. 1035 - d. c. 1066).<br />
11.Gunhilda , a nun ( c. 1035 - d. 24 August 1087).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<i>sources:</i><br />
<i>F.M. Stenton: Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford History of England), <u>2001</u></i><br />
<i>Ian Walker: Harold : The Last Anglo-Saxon King, 1997</i><br />
<i>Ann Williams: The English and the Norman Conquest, 2000.</i><br />
<i>wikipedia </i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"> </span></span></span><br />
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<br />Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-12937420287774211502013-03-12T11:36:00.000-07:002013-03-12T11:36:36.335-07:00Thorgils Sprakaleg<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiffADrIgKJ-R85H-QPP5p0DtP8buh3mOBquGfpgy9vN8kclwF78JtGWy2Gzu6nsW9p9o_FAg7-bstg5AaZ3E_RhQaLyd-UZtHkRBNXpRzjC-Zkschdz2bifU-l-OS9IZHJQuEazkZTH7Ow/s1600/bayeux+two+images.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiffADrIgKJ-R85H-QPP5p0DtP8buh3mOBquGfpgy9vN8kclwF78JtGWy2Gzu6nsW9p9o_FAg7-bstg5AaZ3E_RhQaLyd-UZtHkRBNXpRzjC-Zkschdz2bifU-l-OS9IZHJQuEazkZTH7Ow/s400/bayeux+two+images.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Bayeux tapestry</b></i></td></tr>
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<b>Thorgils Sprakaleg </b>was a Danish (or Swedish)? famous chieftain, whose grandsons became Kings of Denmark and England. He is also named Thrugils, Torgils, Thorkel and Torkel, while his byname Sprakaleg is found in variations: Sprakelegg, Sprakelæg,
Spragelæg, Sprageleg, Sprak<b>e</b>leg, Sprakalägg, Sprakling and other variants. In Swedish <i>Torgils Sprakalägg</i><i><b> (</b>Torkel Styrbjörnsson)</i>, in English <i>Thorgil Sprakling. </i>In Knytlingesaga he is called "the fast".<br />
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<i><b>NB:</b> Thorgils Sprakaleg is not identical to Thorkel the Tall<b>.</b> </i><br />
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His fame is mostly obvious<b> </b>in the status and position of his children, but there are no concrete history handed over about Thorgil's life. Saxo says in a small characteristic that Thorgils did not differ from his father's courage and masculinity. According to Florence of Worcester and Saxo Grammaticus his father's name was Bjørn (Latin Ursius) (i.e. <i>urso</i>, Latin for bear, björn in Scandinavian languages), but his paternal ancestry is much disputed.. There is no name of a wife (in some places on the internet is seen the name Sigrid of Halland as his wife without any source given), but it would be reasonable to assume that either his mother-in-law or his own mother was named Gytha (Gȳða), since this name was used regularly among several generations in his descendants ( the first was his daughter).<br />
<br />
<b> </b>Saxo Grammaticus
reports legendary that this Ursius/Björn was the son of a bear and a fair Swedish
maiden. The Danish historians P.F. Suhm and Jacob Langebek equate Thorgil's father
Bjørn and the Swedish prince Styrbjørn or Styrbjørn the Strong, who
was a son of the Swedish King Olof Bjørnsson and married to Harold
Bluetooth's daughter Thyra (one of Harold Bluetooth's wives was Styrbjørn's
sister). The Danish royal family in the Middle Ages (from 1047 till 1412)
descended paternally from the first historical known Swedish royal family in Sweden, called <i>Bjørn Jernsides ätt </i>or <i>Munsøätten</i>, which died out
on the male line around 1060. No sources support directly a relation
like this, and although plausible reasons can be said as a support for the theory, there are just as many arguments against, (fx.: Saxo and the Knytlingesaga mention both Thorgils and Styrbjørn
without indicating a relationship).<i></i><br />
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Thorgils' children were Ulf (d. 1027), a steward and Earl of Canute the Great in Denmark, whose son became King Sweyn II of Denmark (Svend Estridsen) , Eilaf (also Earl of King Canute) and Gytha Thorgilsdatter, who was to marry Godwin, Earl of Wessex and become mother of Harold Godwinson, King of England. A few present scolars are of the opinion that Thorgils was killed in the Battle of Svold, which supposedly happened in Øresund. If so his year of death would be the year 1000, but it seems that this information builds upon a false base and might origin from * Ohlmarks Novel. It is probable that he died before 1009, since one of his sons appears as one of the leaders in the England-expedition that year - and since Thorgils always is referred to in past tense in the Sagas. It is not wrong to say that he had died, before his sons began to distinguish themselves. <br />
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What makes Thorgils so interesting is that two of his children became parents of later kings, his son Ulf Jarl, Earl of England and later Jarl of Denmark, was married to Canute the Great's sister Estrid. Estrid and Ulf had among several children a son, Svend (Sweyn), who in 1047 became King of Denmark and thereby the ancestral father of the Danish medieval kings. They had also a daughter Gytha, who was married to Godwin, Earl of Wessex, whose son Harold was King of England from January till October 1066. Although he was king for only a short time and although two of his brothers were killed in the Battle of Hastings like himself (the brother Tostig was killed in the Battle at Stamford Bridge the month before), then there are today numerous descendants after Gytha and Godwin. Almost each present or earlier European royal house descend from these. ( like Valdemar the Great's mother Ingeborg of Novgorod).<br />
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Another son of Thorgils was (if the informations are reliable) a son Eilaf Jarl also called Eilif, Ejlif, Ejlaf and Eglaf, who is mentioned in different contexts with his brother Ulf. He took part in several expeditions and signed various diplomas in the 1020s, although the family ties are not mentioned at these occassions.<br />
The name Thorgils does not seem to have been used often by the descendants. In various sources is only one occurrence of a descendant named after Thorgils, one of Svend Estridsen's many sons, who thus was a great-grandchild of Thorgils Sprakaleg. He later settled in the East, at Gardarike, according to Knytlingesaga.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Roskilde Vikingeskibsmuseum</b></i></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Literature:</i></span></b><br />
The Scania writer *Åke Ohlmarks let in his novel-saga <i>Konungariket Skånes Undergång</i>
from 1975 Thorgils Sprakalägg be the last king (989-1000) of the independent Scania kingdom. Thorgils is in this story son of Toke Gormsson, a son of Gorm Skåning and a son's son of Guldharald. Ohlmark let Thorgils be married to a woman named Ragnfrid.<br />
In Claus Deleuran's<a href="http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_Deleuran" title="Claus Deleuran"></a> cartoon-version of <i>Danmarkshistorien</i> "Illustreret Danmarkshistorie for folket", is a drawing of a young Thorgils together with his father Bjørn.<br />
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<b><i>Sources:</i></b><br />
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<a href="http://www.vikingekonger.dk/Vikingekonger%20HTML/Artikler%20B/Ulf%20jarls%20herkomst.htm">Danske vikingekonger - én slægt med mange grene, April 2011. </a><br />
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<i>Saxo Grammaticus Danmarkshistorie, 10. bog, kapitel 15, afsnit 4 Peter Zeebergs oversættelse)</i><br />
<i>Ulf Jarl, Gyldendal - Den store Danske</i><br />
<i>Johannes Steenstrup, Normannnerne, bind 3 ss.259-260,332,350;392-393</i><br />
<i>Knytlingesaga, kapitel 2. </i><br />
<i>Ulf Jarl, Dansk biografisk lexicon, Carl Frederik Bricka.</i><br />
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<i>photo Roskilde Vikingeskibsmuseum: grethe bachmann</i><br />
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<br />Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-41134143027982667032012-08-04T00:15:00.000-07:002014-07-15T12:45:24.907-07:00Mstislav I of Kiev<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<i><b>Mstislav I of Kiev</b></i><br />
<i><b>1) Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden</b></i><br />
<i><b>2)Liubana Dmitrievna </b></i><br />
Mstislav I of Kiev is a rather special link. Through Euphrosyne (his daughter in second marriage) he is an ancestor of King Edward III of England and hence all subsequent English and British monarchs. Through his mother Gytha he is part of a link between Harold II of England and the modern line of English kings founded by William the Conqueror who deposed him.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJS8uDfCniLitCbLlq8Esl84Wye7JF0AbonZnkZu09eBmUnaPY9l_uOGn9oFWus_zKORQoiVoA0JuS33vzqc9KS0mjyZlETQzLxr6ndeO9VtoT9bXY0PbN6ABi-sH7hStnzOls4DNxNLgU/s1600/kiev+1100+mages.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJS8uDfCniLitCbLlq8Esl84Wye7JF0AbonZnkZu09eBmUnaPY9l_uOGn9oFWus_zKORQoiVoA0JuS33vzqc9KS0mjyZlETQzLxr6ndeO9VtoT9bXY0PbN6ABi-sH7hStnzOls4DNxNLgU/s1600/kiev+1100+mages.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Diorama of Kiev c. 1100</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZTJnpBVsfcslRYUmDViMOQUa8cRSn5NW1XRGASb3VOeCcSBM2t9dxCMKlkO5t0YHOLQapK7JwtPR3ZkRpCPilgfW2UHt2ZAmGYLwsdiMSAYm_x_C36_puiL8ZAkx7I0JE2vmXrN6xSJ6C/s1600/kiev+images.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZTJnpBVsfcslRYUmDViMOQUa8cRSn5NW1XRGASb3VOeCcSBM2t9dxCMKlkO5t0YHOLQapK7JwtPR3ZkRpCPilgfW2UHt2ZAmGYLwsdiMSAYm_x_C36_puiL8ZAkx7I0JE2vmXrN6xSJ6C/s1600/kiev+images.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kiev today.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
His full name and title is Mstislav I Vladimirovich the Great, Grand Prince of Kiev from 1125-1132. He was born on June 1, 1076 in Turov and died in Kiev on April 14, 1132. Mstislav was the eldest son of Vladimir II Monomakh by Gytha of Wessex. He is mentioned in the Norse Sagas under the name Harald, taken to allude to his grandfather Harold II of England. Being the eldest son Mstislav was his father's future successor. He reigned in Novgorod from 1088-93 and from 1095-1117. Later he was his father co-ruler in Kiev and inherited the Kievan throne after his death.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-S1z11_vZpootdNAEDL9DsnZJqFDyz-IVKxL3JIl4QpJ6L4Vh1-s9FLyPpRmxWLuLO57PlmMbeajsTh0-5Y_IRpDxguB4BJhrOFqySqE_4utZv1jjY_LOx22RH6u9WyFe6pQqo50nwfcA/s1600/mstislav+cathedral+nicholas+images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-S1z11_vZpootdNAEDL9DsnZJqFDyz-IVKxL3JIl4QpJ6L4Vh1-s9FLyPpRmxWLuLO57PlmMbeajsTh0-5Y_IRpDxguB4BJhrOFqySqE_4utZv1jjY_LOx22RH6u9WyFe6pQqo50nwfcA/s1600/mstislav+cathedral+nicholas+images.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sct Nicholas, Novgorod</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Mstislav built several churches in Novgorod, Sct. Nicholas cathedral ( 1113) and the cathedral of St. Anthony cloister (1117), both survive to the present day. Sct. Nicholas was situated near his palace at Yaroslav's Court, Novgorod, the church contains 12th century frescoes which illustrates his family. He also built important churches in Kiev, fx.his family sepulchre and the Church of our Lady.<br />
<br />
Mstislav was constantly at war from the year 1093 until about 1131, either with the Cumans or the Estonians, the Lithuanians and Polotsk, he also defeated his uncle Oleg of Chernigov, which caused enmity between his and Oleg's descendants. Mstislav was the last ruler of united Rus, and upon his death "the land of Rus was torn apart" - which was said by a chronicler.<br />
<br />
There is not much information about his first wife, Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden. She was married to Mstislav in 1095 and she died on January
18 1122. Three years after her death, Mstislav became Grand Prince of
Kiev. Later in 1122 Mstislav married Liubava Dmitrievna, the
daughter of Dmitry Zavidich, a nobleman of Novgorod. <i>Their children
were: Vladimir III Mstislavich ( 1132-1171) and Euphrosyne of Kiev (c. 1130- c 1193), she married king Geza of Hungary in 1146.</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<i>Mstislav and Christina had ten children:</i> <br />
Ingeborg, Malmfred, Eupraxia, Vsevolod, Maria, Iziaslav, Rostislav, Sviatopolk, Rogneda, Xenia. <br />
<br />
<i><b>1. Ingeborg of Kiev</b></i><br />
<i><b>1) Knud Eriksson Lavard)</b></i><br />
The first child and eldest daughter
was Ingeborg. She is called Ingeborg of Kiev, Ingeborg of Novgorod or
Ingeborg of Rusland. She married Knud (Lavard), the only legitimate son
of king Erik I Ejegod of Denmark and Bodil Thrugotsdatter. Ingeborg and
Knud had three daugthers and in 1131 they had a son Valdemar, who was
born a week after his father's murder in Haraldsted forest. The boy was
named after his grandfather Vladimir II Monomakh, and this was the first
time the name Valdemar was used in Denmark.<br />
<i>Children:</i><br />
1. Margaret/Margrethe, married to Stig Hvitaledr (Hvidelæder),<br />
2. Christina/Kirsten (born 1118), married in 1133 to Magnus IV of Norway,<br />
3. Catherine/Katrine, married to Pribislav Henry, duke of Mecklenburg,<br />
4. Valdemar I of Denmark (born 1131). <br />
<br />
<i>Please see posts about Ingeborg and Knud Lavard and their daughters elsewhere in this blog.</i><br />
<i>There is also an article in the Thyra-blog about Knud's murder (search Knud Eriksson Lavard).</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<b><i>2. Malmfred </i></b><br />
<b><i>1) Sigurd I of Norway</i></b><br />
<b><i>2) Erik II Emune of Denmark </i></b><br />
Ingeborg's sister Malmfred
was married to king Sigurd I of Norway (Sigurd Jorsalfar) and later to
Erik II Emune of Denmark. She was married to Sigurd between 1116-1120,
he was king of Norway from 1103-1130. In 1098 Sigurd accompanied his
father king Magnus II to the Orkney
Island, Hebrides and the Irish sea. He was made earl of Orkney the same
year. A very young earl. Since he is 14 years old in 1103, he was only 9 years old. It is not certain whether Sigurd
returned home with his father to Norway after the 1098 expedition;
however, it is known that he was in Orkney when Magnus returned west in
1102 for his next expedition. A marriage alliance was
negotiated between Magnus and an Irish princess, and Sigurd was to marry
her sister, princess Blathmin O´Brien. However, when Magnus was
ambushed and killed in Ulaid by an Irish
army in 1103, the 14-year-old Sigurd returned to Norway along with the
rest of the Norwegian army, leaving his child-bride behind, and became
king together with his brothers Øystein and Olav. Upon arriving home
back in Norway, he and his two brothers were proclaimed kings of Norway
and would co-rule the kingdom together for some time. When he married
Malmfred he was ab. 27 years of age. Sigurd died in 1130 and was buried
in Hallvard's church (<i>Hallvardskirken</i>) in Oslo.<br />
<br />
Sigurd
and Malmfred had a daughter, Kristin Sigurdsdatter, (mother of king
Magnus V of Norway) but no legitimate sons. This led
to a power struggle following Sigurd's death between various
illegitimate sons and other royal pretenders, which escalated into a
lengthy and devastating civil war. Tradition say the marriage was
unhappy. Malmfred's husband repudiated her in 1128 and remarried a certain
Cecilia. In 1130 her ex-husband's illegitimate son Magnus IV Sigurdsson
became king and Malmfred left for Denmark, were she married Prince Erik
Emune (king Erik II). In 1131, she arranged the marriage between her
former stepson Magnus IV of Norway to her sister's daughter, princess
Christine of Denmark, (daughter of Ingeborg and Knud Lavard) , they were
married in 1133. Christine's husband king Magnus supported
the struggle of Malmfred, Erik Emune and Christine's father, Knud
Lavard, against
King Niels of Denmark.
In 1133, Erik Emune and Malmfred fled Denmark for Norway and the
protection
of Magnus. After Queen Christine, however, found out that Magnus had
plans to betray them, she warned them and Erik Emune and Malmfred allied
themselwes with the rival of king Magnus, king Harald IV of Norway. King
Magnus then separated from queen Christine. In 1134, Erik Emune became
king, and Malmfred queen of Denmark. She had no more
children. In 1137, her second husband was murdered. Malmfred is not
mentioned after this date.<br />
<br />
<i>Malmfred and Sigurd had a daughter: Kristin Sigurdsdatter, she was the wife of Erling Skakke and the mother of king Magnus V of Norway. </i><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Ancestors"></span></h2>
<b><i>3. Eupraxia </i></b><br />
<b><i>1) Alexios Komnenos</i></b><br />
Is mentioned as Eupraxia-Dobrodjeja of Kiev in the information about her husband Alexios Komnenos, latinised as Alexius Comnenus, but the identity of his wife is said to be uncertain. It is possible he was married
twice, the first wife being Dobrodjeja Mstislavna of Kiev, (= Eupraxia, which presumably is her Orthodox baptismal name), a daughter of Mstislav of Kiev, and the second being Kata of Georgia, a daughter of David IV of Georgia. While both women are known to have married members of the Komnenoi-family, several theories have been suggested as to the identities of their husband or husbands<b><i>. </i></b><br />
<br />
Alexios<b><i> </i></b>was the eldest son of the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos and his wife Eirene of Hungary. He was born in February 1106 at Balabista in Macedonia, was made co-emperor with his father at 16 or 17 years of age and died on the 2nd August 1142 at Attalia, Pamphylia. He was an elder brother of the emperor Manuel I Komnenos and had a twin sister, Maria Komnene (plus other siblings).<b><i> </i></b>The coverage of his life is very sparse. Eupraxia died c. 1136. <b><i><br /></i></b><br />
<i> Alexios Komnenos and his wife (this must be Eupraxia Dobrodjeja had one child:
Maria Komnene (-1167) </i> <b><i><br /></i></b><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdMqBmn773Wws8gI5O-a3I8P76FlRhXQg3NU4xL_r6BhOzF6CbW8-nxzOzedssdYmH8YPUE3o9EQfyV-h__h-4bDAWGSCugI_LehndpvNGm1S5zL3YeypZSiQjbw5In2iinv6lAbd5f3YE/s1600/novgorod+mages.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdMqBmn773Wws8gI5O-a3I8P76FlRhXQg3NU4xL_r6BhOzF6CbW8-nxzOzedssdYmH8YPUE3o9EQfyV-h__h-4bDAWGSCugI_LehndpvNGm1S5zL3YeypZSiQjbw5In2iinv6lAbd5f3YE/s1600/novgorod+mages.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Novgorod (Middle Ages)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><i>4. Vsevolod</i></b><b> <i>of Novgorod and Pskov</i></b><br />
<b><i>1) Chernigovian princess</i> </b><br />
Vsevolod Mstislavich, the patron saint of the city of Pskov, ruled as Prince of Novgorod in 1117–32, Prince of Pereslavl (1132) and Prince of Pskov in 1137–38. He was the eldest son of Mstislav and Christina. He was born in Novgorod during his father's reign as prince there (1088-93), (1095-1117) and was given the baptismal name Gabriel, or Gavriil. The date of his birth is unknown. He was enthroned as Prince of Novgorod after his father Mistislav became Grand Prince of Kiev in 1117 and ruled Novgorod, with some interruption, until he was ousted by the Novgorodians in 1136. He was married to a Chernigovian princess in Novgorod in 1123 and his son, Ivan, was born there (Ivan died in 1128). Vsevolod died in February 1138. According to his own wishes, he was buried in the Church of St. Demetrius in Pskov.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnrwEHDrZuKxIwcHNgohtGNUKeuHYoD35McSlqzc91WhB-YZXJ-YUeP2vbwLXkHhu1azhsb8z58EXZ9h8vZdqYFNzQ8yGteNuu7uR8Ft66BrvSD7-YPfvHAFXPgflithBh9cU8eF5H53HX/s1600/novgorod+images.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnrwEHDrZuKxIwcHNgohtGNUKeuHYoD35McSlqzc91WhB-YZXJ-YUeP2vbwLXkHhu1azhsb8z58EXZ9h8vZdqYFNzQ8yGteNuu7uR8Ft66BrvSD7-YPfvHAFXPgflithBh9cU8eF5H53HX/s1600/novgorod+images.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">frescoes </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Vsevolod built a number of churches in and around the city: the Church
of St. John on Opoki (1127–1130),<br />
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Mstislavich_of_Novgorod_and_Pskov#cite_note-7"></a></sup> the Church of St. George in the Market (1133), the Church of The Assumption in the Market (1133); <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Mstislavich_of_Novgorod_and_Pskov#cite_note-8"></a></sup> and the Church of St. George in the Yuriev Monastery. The Cathedral of St. Nicholas in Yaroslav's Court, while often attributed to his father Mstislav, was mostly built during Vsevolod's tenure in Novgorod.<br />
<br />
Vsevolod's comparatively early death prevented him from claiming the Kievan throne. He was survived by a daughter, Wierzchoslawa, the wife of Boleslaw IV the Curly. Prince Vsevolod was canonized by the Russian Orthodox church as Vsevolod-Gavriil. In the Stepennaya Kniga (the "Book of Degrees of Royal Genealogy"), he is listed as a Pskov Wonderworker.
His relics were moved from the Church of St. Demetrius to the Trinity
Cathedral in the Pskov Kremlin in 1193. The Pskovians attached his name
to a German sword with the inscription <i>honorem meum nemini dabo</i>, formerly preserved in the cathedral sacristy, but modern historians date the sword to the 15th century at the earliest.<br />
<br />
<br />
Vsevolod married in 1123 in Novgorod a Chernigovian princess who was an unnamed daughter of Svjatoslav Davidovich.<br />
<i>They had two children:</i><br />
<br />
1. Ivan (died 1128),<br />
2. Wierzchoslawa Wsewolodna (ab. 1124- 14 March 1158). She married in 1137 Boleslaw IV the Curly High duke of Poland.<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Succession"></span></h2>
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Mstislavich_of_Novgorod_and_Pskov#cite_note-3"></a></sup><br />
<b><i>5. Maria</i></b><b> </b><br />
<i><b>1) Vsevolod II Olgovich</b></i><br />
Maria's husband Vsevolod (marriage between 1116-1125) was the prince (Knyaz) of Chernigov (1127-1139) and Grand prince (Velikiy Knyaz) of Kiev 1139-1146, he was a son of Oleg Svyatoslavich, prince of Chernigov. Vsevolod died August 1., 1146. Though he had two sons, Vsevolod's chosen successor was his brother,
Igor, and he obtained pledges from his subjects to accept Igor as his
heir. According to one account, Vsevolod even had the Kievans kiss the
Holy Cross and swear loyalty to Igor, which they resented. Shortly
before his death, Vsevolod became a monk under the name Gavriil. Maria died 1179.<br />
<i>Maria and Vsevolod had two sons and two daughters<b>:</b></i><br />
1. Sviatoslav III of Kiev<b></b><br />
2<b>. </b>Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, born in 1139<b><br /></b><br />
3. Anna of Chernigov, married a prince of Galicia, according to some chronicles.<br />
4. Zvenislava of Chernigov, married Boleslaw I the Tall, duke of Wroclaw. <br />
<br />
<br />
6.<i><b> Iziaslav II of Kiev</b></i><br />
<i><b>1) Agnes (Liubava) of Germany)</b></i><br />
<i><b>2) Anonymus daughter of Demetrius I of Georgia. </b></i><br />
Iziaslav II Mstislavich ( c. 1097-13 november 1154), prince of Pereyslav 1132, prince of Turov 1132-1134, prince of Rostov 1143- , prince of Vladimir and Volyn 1134-1142, Pereyslavl 1143-1145, Grand prince (Velikiy Kniaz) of Kiev 1146-1149 and 1151-1154. He was a son of Mstislav I and Christina of Sweden . His first wife was Agnes, a daughter of king Conrad III of Germany. She took the name Liubava after her marriage. She died in 1151.<i> </i><br />
<i> Their children were.</i><br />
1. Mstislav II of Kiev<br />
2. Yaroslav II of Kiev<br />
3. Yaropolk, prince of Shumsk<br />
4. Evdokia, married Mieszko II the Old, High duke of Poland. <br />
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span"></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>Iziaslav's second wife was an anonymous daughter of King Demetrius I of Georgia, but they were married for only a few months in 1154 before his death.
</i><br />
<br />
<i><b>7. Rostislav of Kiev</b></i><br />
<i><b>1) Agnes of Swabia</b></i><br />
Rostislav Mstislavich (c. 1110– 14/3-1168), prince (Kniaz) of Smolensk, (1125–1160), Novgorod (1154) and Grand prince (Velikiy kniaz) of Kiev ( (1154, 1159–1167). He was the son of Mstislav I of Kiev and Christina of Sweden. After Yaroslav II of Kiev
was driven out of Novgorod, Rostislav was invited to become the ruler
of Novgorod. He accepted, and became the prince on April 17, 1154. Then,
learning that his brother, Iziaslav II, had died, Rostislav left Novgorod to take the Kievan throne. Indignant that their prince had abandoned them and angered that "<i>he did not make order among them, but tore them more apart</i>", the citizens of Novgorod drove out Rostislav's son, David, who was their governor. They replaced him with Mstislav Yurievich, the son of Yury Dolgoruky. Rostislav ruled Kiev for one week before Iziaslav III of Kiev forced him to flee to Chernigov. Rostislav was married to Agnes of Swabia (b. ca. 1107 – died ca. 1151) who
gave him five children:<br />
<br />
<i>3 sons:</i><br />
David Rostislavich of Novgorod,<br />
Msitslav Rostislavich of Smolensk<br />
Roman Rostislavich of Kiev<br />
<i>2
daughters</i><br />
Elena Rostislavna of Kiev-Smolensk (died 1204)<br />
Agrafiya
Rostislavna (died 1237).<br />
<br />
<br />
<i><b>8. Sviatopolk of Pskov</b></i><br />
<i><b>1) Euphemia of Moravia.</b></i><br />
Sviatopolk, prince of Pskov 1138-40, prince of Novgorod 1142-48, prince of Volynia 1148-54, he died in 1154. He was married between 13/12 1143 and 6/1 1144 to Euphemia of Moravia. She was born 1115, died after 1144.<br />
<i>children:? <span style="font-family: Courier New; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i><br />
<br />
<br />
<i><b>9. Rogneda </b></i><br />
<b><i>1) Jaroslav of Turov/Volynia </i></b><br />
Rogneda Mstislavna Rurik of Kiev was born circa 1111 to Mstislav I of Kiev and Christina of Sweden. She died c. 1158 of unspecified causes. She married Jaroslav/Yaroslav of Turov/Volynia (c1091-1123).<br />
<i>Children: ?</i><br />
<br />
<i><b>10. Xenia</b></i><br />
<i><b>1) Briachislav of Izyaslawl</b></i><br />
Xenia was the last child of Mstislav and Christina. She married in 1125 Briachislav of Izyaslavl. Xenia died after 1129.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Zaslawye" title="Duchy of Zaslawye"></a><br />
<i>Children: ? </i><br />
<br />
<br />
<i>Christine Ingesdotter of Sweden died on January 18, 1122; later that year Mstislav married
again to Liubava Dmitrievna, (+ after 1168) the daughter of Dmitry Zavidich, a
nobleman of Novgorod. </i><br />
<i>Their children were:</i><br />
<br />
<i><b>11. Euphrosyne of Kiev (c. 1130- c. 1193) </b></i><br />
<i><b>1) king Geza II of Hungary </b></i><br />
<br />
Euphrosyne was the eleventh child of Mstislav and the first daughter of Mstislav and his second wife Liubava Dmitrievna. In 1146 Euphrosyne married king Géza II of Hungary, who had come of age shortly before. During her husband's reign Euphrosyne did not intervene in the
politics of the kingdom, but after his death on 31 May 1162, her
influence strengthened over their son, king Stephen III<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Hungary" title="Stephen III of Hungary"></a>. The young king had to struggle against his uncles Ladislaus and Stephen to save his throne, and Euphrosyne took an active part in the struggles. She persuaded King Lladislaus II of Bohemia to give military assistance to her son against the invasion of the Emperor Manuel I Komnenos.<br />
<br />
Euphrosyne's favourite son was the youngest, Duke Géza of Hungary. When King Stephen III died on 4 March 1172, she was planning to ensure his succession against her older son Béla, who had been living in the court of the Emperor Manuel I Komnenos. However, Béla<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary" title="Béla III of Hungary"></a> came back, and he was crowned on 13 January 1173, although the achbishop Lukács of Esztergom<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esztergom" title="Esztergom"></a> denied his coronation. Shortly after, King Béla III arrested<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest" title="Arrest"></a> his brother, which increased the tension between Euphrosyne and her son. Duke Géza<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za_of_Hungary" title="Géza of Hungary"></a> soon managed to escape, probably with Euphrosyne's help, but in 1177 he was again arrested.<br />
<br />
In 1186, Euphrosyne tried to release her younger son again, but she failed. King Béla III<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary" title="Béla III of Hungary"></a> ordered the arrest of Euphrosyne and kept her confined in the fortress of Barancs (Serbian Branicevo). Shortly after, Euphrosyne was set free, but she was obliged to leave the kingdom for Constantinople. From Constantinople she moved to Jerusalem<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem"></a> where she lived as a nun<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun" title="Nun"></a> in the convent<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convent" title="Convent"></a> of the Hospitallers, and then in the Basilian monastery of Saint Sabbas.<br />
<br />
<i>Euphrosyne and king Géza II of Hungary had following children:</i><br />
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1. king Stephen II of Hungary ( 1147 - 4 march 1172)<br />
2. king Béla III of Hungary (1148 - 23 april 1196)<br />
3 Elisabeth (c 1149 - after 1189) wife of duke Frederick of Bohemia<br />
4. prince Géza (c. 1150 - before 1210)<br />
5. Odola (? )- wife of duke Svatopolk of Bohemia <br />
6. Helena (c. 1158 - 25 May 1199) wife of duke Leopold V of Austria.<br />
<br />
Eyuphrosyne is the ancestress of Edward III of England and hence the ancestor of all subsequent English and British monarchs. She is also part of a link connecting the line of Harold Godwinson and the modern line of British monarchs. <br />
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<i><b>12. Vladimir II Mstislavich (1132 - 30/5-1171) </b></i><br />
<i><b>1) daughter of Serbias Belos Vukanovich. </b></i><br />
<div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_III_Mstislavich#p-search"></a>
</div>
Vladimir III Mstislavich (1132–1173), Prince of Dorogobuzh<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorogobuzh" title="Dorogobuzh"></a> (1150–1154, 1170–1171), Vladimir and Volyn<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volyn" title="Volyn"></a> (1154–1157), Slutsk<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slutsk" title="Slutsk"></a> (1162), Tripolye<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolye" title="Tripolye"></a> (1162–1168) and Grand prince of Kiev (1171). He was the son of Mstislav I of Kiev and his second wife Liubava. Due to his brief rule he is omitted from some lists of the princes of Kiev. He kept excellent ties with Hungary and Serbia. In 1150 he married the daughter of Serbia's Belos Vukanovic. According to old Russian annals, her titular name was enscribed as "Banovna".<br />
<i>children: ? </i><br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_IV_of_Norway" title="Harald IV of Norway"></a><br />
<br />Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-72610741937416559792012-03-08T01:37:00.000-08:002012-03-08T01:37:54.388-08:00Saltensee of Linde<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic8hJswLWdhsaSHt_0OMbxTKyBV8NmtGP2bobik0IVrv6_omyOGpi105a4WAcck40nfiazW3ZG6PHBTHwOf1_oum4Fvle_fIEA-2STt4zigblpkfYBcdrOAnNmddzdAUWygEpiQJhMDbgk/s1600/Soeborg+72-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic8hJswLWdhsaSHt_0OMbxTKyBV8NmtGP2bobik0IVrv6_omyOGpi105a4WAcck40nfiazW3ZG6PHBTHwOf1_oum4Fvle_fIEA-2STt4zigblpkfYBcdrOAnNmddzdAUWygEpiQJhMDbgk/s320/Soeborg+72-3.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ruins, Søborg slot, foto 2002: gb</td></tr>
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<i> </i><br />
<br />
<br />
<i>From</i><br />
<i>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon</i><br />
<i>C.F. Bricka</i><br />
<i>1887-1905 </i><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Saltensee, Erik Nielsen,</b> – ab..1379, of Hørningsholm (now Hørsholm), <br />
Søholm and Linde, called himself only E. N., but had a <i>murtinde</i><br />
(wall peak) in his coat of arms, a family, which in the family books have<br />
the name Saltensee; with what right is unknown. His father was Niels<br />
Eriksen of Linde, his mother was probably called Cathrine Timmesdatter<br />
of Søholm. He is mentioned from 1361, and it seems that he, at king<br />
Valdemar Atterdag's death, belonged to the party which wanted the<br />
Mecklenburg<i> hertug</i> Albrecth (Henriksøn) elected king, but since the<br />
<i>hertug</i> died soon after, he probably joined king Oluf, whose coronation<br />
charter 1376-77 he has sealed. He was chief at skanderborg (castle) in<br />
1377 and was together with other Jutland <i>slotshøvedsmænd</i> (castle<br />
chiefs) summoned to meet at the emporial tribunal, but the next year he<br />
was chief at Søborg (castle) . Shortly after, before 22. March 1380, he<br />
died after having founded a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefice"><i>Vikarie</i></a> in Roskilde cathedral and given<br />
soul gifts elsewhere. He left a childless widow, Ingeborg Pedersdatter<br />
Grubbe, who later married hr. Johan Olufsen Bjørn. <br />
<br />
C. Christensen, Hørsholms Hist. S. 4 f. <br />
<br />
<i>Thiset.</i> <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZuB0jBkCqVni21CZXI_tVtvdKPw6Z_7owqftLn2YR-050ZwK-bJgnZp17-8AgHSGXe9uUJq5hE0Ml4oNOcVouilGpLvgUJZo-xstXBk4X98q2HVl8m24sPAUmUw5N3lbKNPMxY8kpCUFW/s1600/Staarupgaard+40-20A.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZuB0jBkCqVni21CZXI_tVtvdKPw6Z_7owqftLn2YR-050ZwK-bJgnZp17-8AgHSGXe9uUJq5hE0Ml4oNOcVouilGpLvgUJZo-xstXBk4X98q2HVl8m24sPAUmUw5N3lbKNPMxY8kpCUFW/s320/Staarupgaard+40-20A.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Staarup Hovedgaard, foto: gb</td></tr>
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<i>Saltensee of Linde</i>: <a href="http://www.staaruphovedgaard.dk/Default.asp?page=37"> Staarup Hovedgaard</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<i>From Blog:</i><br />
<i><a href="http://medievaldanishfamilies.blogspot.com/search?q=ancestral+line+I">Ancestral Line I</a>, 7th generation:</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<b><i>7. g.:</i></b><br />
Jens Kaas of Taarupgård, Volstrup and Votborg at Mors, (ment.1477-1519), m. to Edel Lagesdatter Saltensee of Staarupgård. Her forefathers from her great-grandfather were:<br />
a) Lage Grummesen Saltensee, ment. in Ørum in Fjends herred 1360. Son: b) Hr. Jep Lagesen Saltensee of Staarupgård (ment. 1377-1410), m. to Edel Christiernsdatter Munk from an old family with a <span style="font-style: italic;">Mursnit</span> (brickwork) in their coat of arms, of Koustrup in Thy. Son: c) Lage Jepsen Saltensee of Staarupgård (ment.1401-38), m. to Ide Iversdatter Juel of Daubjergård, from the family Juel with a star in their coat of arms, a daughter of Iver Juel of Øgelstrup and Astrup, (ment. 1421,d. 1468) and first wife Mette Lauridsdatter Hvas of Ormstrup, whose mother was a Strangesen. Iver Juels father was rigsråd Jens Pallesen Juel of Øgelstrup (ment. 1410-28), m. to Karen Christiernsdatter Fasti.Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-73711012287670840472012-03-07T14:56:00.001-08:002012-03-07T14:58:45.564-08:00Strange Nielsen Strangesen and Ebbe Strangesen.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhImn2U0HP86n-F1Wk8FNbpOWK-agvVfCphomP71F-tFgB6c9gOJohc8tX4qqLzDv-pf3TFUxjJfMlA0t9pUdDxKUSBvmG_4cwJdDtGzSB-pvWA5bJD1Q_WM4FHTqJxJdHn3zxsFHhJRfaX/s1600/middelalderimages.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhImn2U0HP86n-F1Wk8FNbpOWK-agvVfCphomP71F-tFgB6c9gOJohc8tX4qqLzDv-pf3TFUxjJfMlA0t9pUdDxKUSBvmG_4cwJdDtGzSB-pvWA5bJD1Q_WM4FHTqJxJdHn3zxsFHhJRfaX/s1600/middelalderimages.jpg" /></a><b> </b><br />
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<i>From:</i><br />
<i>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon</i><br />
<i>C.F.Bricka </i><br />
<i>1887-1905</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Strangesen, Strange Nielsen,</b> –o.1489, <i>Hofmester,</i> (chief at court)<br />
from a family, which probably is the same as the family Bild, was a son<br />
of Hr. Niels Strangesen of Norringtoft (in Hundborg herred) and Ingeborg<br />
Follertsdatter (Dosenrode). He is mentioned the first time in 1440 and as<br />
a <i>ridder </i>in 1443. In 1444 he is mentioned as the owner of Nørholm, a<br />
farm, which he achieved with his wife Anne, daughter of Claus Jonsen<br />
(Lange) and the "evil" Fru Gertrud Mogensdatter Munk. From 1449 and<br />
up till 1489 S.N. is mentioned as a <i>rigsråd</i>, and he is often used in public<br />
occassions; he took part at Gulland in 1449 and in Norway 1450 and<br />
was among those, who capitulated at Stockholm in 1464 - and he took<br />
part in a negotiation-meeting with the Swedes in Lübeck 1469, in an <br />
arbitration award between the king and his creditors in Schleswig and<br />
Holstein in 1470 and at the Kalmar-meetings 1472,73,74 and 76.<br />
<br />
He was a vasal at Ørum, in Thy, in 1467-74, and probably already in<br />
1449, it seems that the vasalry was pawned to him, and that he kept it<br />
until his death, since his son Ebbe later had it as a pawn. In the battle at<br />
Brunkebjerg 1471 S.N. was the leader of "Danebrog", although it is not<br />
quite clear if it was the old Danebrog-banner; it seems like he had to give<br />
the banner into the hands of the Swedes.<br />
<br />
In 1480-81 he was the<i> hofmester</i> of the elected king Hans and played<br />
an important role in his management of Funen. After Christian I's death he<br />
became <i>hofmester</i> of king Hans, who was now the ruler. He was in this<br />
position in 1482-83 and still in 1487, possibly with an interruption in 1484,<br />
but there is no information about his work as a hofmester. He did not keep<br />
this job until his death , since he watched Poul Laxmand being his successor<br />
in 1489 - he died between 15 July 1489 and 13 December 1490, and on<br />
this last date fru Anne is mentioned as his widow. <br />
<br />
<br />
<i>Danmarks Adels Aarbog 1888, S. 64 f.; 1897, S. 488 f.</i><br />
<i>William Christensen.</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Strangesen, Ebbe,</b> –1507, <i>Rigsraad</i>, was a son of Strange Nielsen.<br />
From his parents he inherited a part of Nørholm, and with his wife<br />
Kirstine, who was a daughter of Claus Gertsen Bryske and Grete<br />
Engelbrechtsdatter (Bydelsbak), whom he married 1494, he also<br />
got rights in Kjeldkjær, which he later increased. Furthermore he was<br />
a vasal at Ørum 1497 and still in 1504.<br />
<br />
E.S. is mostly known as the killer of<i> Hofmester</i> (chief at court) Poul<br />
Laxmand. Between the two men was a long personal enmity, which<br />
might have woken up during the failed expedition to Sweden in 1502,<br />
where they both took part. On June 22. in 1502 Poul Laxmand - who<br />
had returned to Copenhagen a few days before and had been at the<br />
royal palace to meet and talk with the king - had met E.S. and Bjørn<br />
Andersen Bjørn at Højbro. The two men, who had been drinking<br />
comrades on the travel from Kalmar to Copenhagen, had been eating<br />
and drinking all day, but it was E.S., who attacked Poul Laxmand, while<br />
Bjørn Andersen tried to make peace. He did not draw his sword, until<br />
Poul Laxmand struck both him and E.S. with his sword.<br />
<br />
It was not the king who had instigated the killing. In October was E.S's wife<br />
very concerned about the consequences for her husband, but there seems<br />
to have been no reason for any concern, since E.S. is mentioned as a<i> rigsråd</i><br />
in 1502, which he wasn't earlier, and which he might have become as a reward<br />
for the killing. In the following time he is often mentioned as <i>rigsråd</i>, (like at<br />
Kalmar in 1505), but he never became never a<i> ridder.</i><br />
<br />
He was also a vasal at Hagenskov in 1505, a job, which he kept until his<br />
death in 1507, (latest 7 Febr.) He did not become an old man, some of his<br />
contemporaries considered his early death as a punishment for the killing of<br />
Poul Laxmand . His widow is mentioned in 1517 where she was married<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhImn2U0HP86n-F1Wk8FNbpOWK-agvVfCphomP71F-tFgB6c9gOJohc8tX4qqLzDv-pf3TFUxjJfMlA0t9pUdDxKUSBvmG_4cwJdDtGzSB-pvWA5bJD1Q_WM4FHTqJxJdHn3zxsFHhJRfaX/s1600/middelalderimages.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />
</a></div>again to Henneke Ahlefeldt Benedictsen. <br />
<i><br />
Danmarks Adels Aarbog 1888, S. 65.</i><br />
<i>William Christensen.</i>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-51663764786175757562011-10-31T11:59:00.001-07:002012-03-07T14:15:27.190-08:00The Lunge Family<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA_Q_nu2W5QHXA7A-bcAoqLOPMZD7XNr4PSvbOA5cSfxcbL1o1SYwWz5JLhbFpG5xiEEr00YDTrNnuD2iDJ8p2HtPIF_5UJqGyVR7pSLuTZQWdwSOxYEi28x-eXZ4u2NAdOYHyWrTAX3HV/s1600/Roskilde+domkirke+70-2001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA_Q_nu2W5QHXA7A-bcAoqLOPMZD7XNr4PSvbOA5cSfxcbL1o1SYwWz5JLhbFpG5xiEEr00YDTrNnuD2iDJ8p2HtPIF_5UJqGyVR7pSLuTZQWdwSOxYEi28x-eXZ4u2NAdOYHyWrTAX3HV/s320/Roskilde+domkirke+70-2001.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Roskilde domkirke</td></tr>
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There are few families with such an outstanding position in the<br />
history of Danish nobility like the "old Lunger". This was not only<br />
due to their riches and social reputation or their many important men<br />
from 1350 till 1450 - this is also due to that the last female Lunge-<br />
descendants became the ancestresses of several large and respected<br />
Danish families, Bille, Brahe, Krabbe, the new Lunge family and through<br />
these indirectly to all the Danish nobility from the 16th and 17th century.<br />
There was a good reason, why fru Lisbet Bryske chose the Lunge-family<br />
as the starting-point in her family books, for it is really an exception to meet<br />
a genealogical table from the 16th century without the wellknown coat<br />
of arms of the Lunges.<br />
<br />
The Lunge family was from the earliest time connected to Sjælland. The male<br />
line died out ab. year 1480, but the name was annected via a <i>Spindelinje</i><br />
( female line), a line from the family Dyre. (jvf. D.A.A. 1891. S. 155)<br />
<br />
First mentioned member of the Lunge family was<i> <b>Oluf Lunge</b>,</i> (+ bef. 1302)<br />
He issued in 1268 with Oluf Rostok, Oluf Ranesen, Mag. Rane and more<br />
men in Næstved a witness about a pawn -letter for St. Clare kloster in Roskilde;<br />
he was in 1282 the conciliator in a feud between Sorø kloster and hr. Peder<br />
Olufsen of "Tiufstorp"; he had in 1285 authority by the dean in Roskilde, mag.<br />
Rane, to convey a farm in Allinde to St. Clare kloster, which had belonged to<br />
the dean's brother hr. Oluf Rostock; he was in 1287 the bailiff of the bishop of<br />
Roskilde in Bjernede and Fodby, and he conveyed and pawned estate to St.<br />
Clare kloster ; he had in 1288 to convey some estate to the kloster for <i>frøken</i><br />
Agnes, daughter of king Erik Plovpenning, who calls him his friend; he sealed<br />
in 1290 and witnessed a signature with the civilian Niels Hermansen.<br />
Oluf Lunge was dead in 1302, while his widow still lived.<br />
<br />
Their children were:<br />
1. <i>Oluf Olufsen Lunge</i>, born bef. 1302, + after 1321<br />
2. Johannes Olufsen Lunge, + after 1341<br />
3. Margrethe Lunge, + after 1335.<br />
<br />
<br />
<i><b>Oluf Olufsen Lunge,</b> </i>Born bef. 1302, + after 1321<br />
married to N.N.<br />
pawned 1302 estate in Ølby and Vidskølle to St.Clare Kloster for a<br />
debt, which he and his mother and brother owed for his two sisters'<br />
admission to the kloster; he sealed in 1316 the witness of a signature<br />
with Oluf Fleming; he got the same year via law the estate in Kjelleklinte,<br />
Saltofte etc. which was pawed to him by Anders Nielsen and hr.<br />
Svenning Truelsen; he was in 1321 the co-issuer of a witness of Sjællands<br />
Landsthing.<br />
<br />
Children:<br />
1. <i>Jacob Olufsen Lunge,</i> + betw. 31 May 1384 and 29 June 1387<br />
2. Oluf Olufsen Lunge, + bef. 7 Oct. 1386,<br />
3. Ellene Lunge, + aft. 1383,<br />
4. Olufsdatter Lunge,<br />
5. Cecilie Olufsdatter Lunge,<br />
6. Elsebe Olufsdatter Lunge <br />
<br />
<i><b>Lunge, Jacob Olufsen,</b></i> – ab.1385, <i>Rigsraad,</i> was one of king Valdemar's<br />
<br />
and Queen Margrethe's most trusted and brilliant men. His ancestors were<br />
probably Patriciens in Roskilde, at least they were connected to this city.<br />
One of them was in 1287 bailiff of the bishop at Bjernede and Fodbygård,<br />
and Jacob Olufsen had the estate of the bishopric in Fodby as a vasalry.<br />
He was connected to Roskilde in many ways. He rented much estate from<br />
St. Clare kloster, and he was closely related to the Gynceke-sons at<br />
Falkendale, who was one of the most respected families in Roskilde, but he<br />
himself was connected to the highest nobility through family ties. The bishop<br />
Niels Jepsen Ulfeldt called him "gener noster". His father Oluf Lunge is<br />
mentioned in the first part of the 14th century and the last time probably in<br />
1339, and at the same time Jens Olufsen and Oluf Lunge came forward,<br />
rising the Lunge name to the highest esteem.<br />
<br />
Already in 1342 Jacob Olufsen is mentioned among king Valdemar's<br />
most trusted men, since he was one of the king's men at the peace-<br />
agreement with king Magnus at Helsingborg, and from that time his<br />
name is met during the next 40 years in most state-documents and<br />
in a number of private documents. The king made him chief at Als,<br />
but the mutual trust among them seemed to be no more than<br />
between the king and the nobility. During the Jutland rebellion in<br />
1357 the king suspected him for being in collusion with the rebels<br />
and let - after the rebels had conquered the castle in Randers - in<br />
his indignation both J.O.and several other magnates sent into prison.<br />
He confiscated their properties and took their vasalries from them,<br />
but it seems that a reconciliation came soon after without having reduced <br />
the reputation of J.O.<br />
<br />
After the king's death he was elected as the kingdom's representative<br />
in order to negotiate with the Scanias about the election of Valdemar's<br />
successor, but it seems that J.O. was one of the first, who felt the wise<br />
Queen Margrethe's efforts to restrict the growing power of the nobility.<br />
In 1376 he lost one of his most important vasalries, Kalundborg castle,<br />
and the next year the queen redeemed Holbæk castle, which he had as<br />
a pawn, but he was allowed to keep it as an ordinary vasalry.From his<br />
other vasalries are only known Trudsholm in Jutland which he still had<br />
in 1377.<br />
<br />
Hr. J.O.,who still lived in May 1384, was a very rich man. There is<br />
only an imperfect knowledge about his properties, but from an exchange<br />
among his children in 1387 is seen that he at his death owned Højstrup and<br />
Rygård manor, and main farms in Skovsø and Valby and a large number<br />
of farms at Zealand,but this was probably not everything. Among other<br />
estate he had been the owner of Hegnet (Salling) which he sold in 1382.<br />
<br />
J.O was married several times. The family books call his wives:<br />
1) Maren Myndel of Nielstrup and Adserstrup. 2) Elsebe Sandberg.<br />
3) Mette Limbek, widow after hr. Niels Hack. But these informations are<br />
not correct, for it is sure that one of his wives was called Sophie, although<br />
the informations have a little to do with the truth, since Niels Hack of<br />
Assendrup calls Jacob's son Ove Lunge his sister's son in a letter.<br />
<br />
From his many children are for sure known 7 sons and 2<br />
daughters, there is information about Anders, Folmer and Niels.<br />
<br />
Jacob Olufsen Lunge died between 31 May 1384 and 29 June 1387 <br />
<br />
<i>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon</i><br />
<i>Thiset.</i><br />
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<i><b>Lunge, Anders Jacobsen,</b></i> o.1363-1429, <i>Rigshofmester</i>, was a son<br />
of Jacob Olufsen L. His name is already mentioned in 1376 in a<br />
document (of Huitfeldt), where the Scania nobility elected Oluf king,<br />
Anders was said to be a knight already then and a prominent man.<br />
He says in 1424 that he is 61 years of age - so he was only 13 years<br />
in 1376 - it seems to be no injustice to Huitfeldt to say that he must<br />
have added the name Lunge himself in his letter from 1376. The<br />
knight mentioned in the letter is not Anders Jacobsen Lunge, but<br />
A. J. Grim. A.J.L. is mentioned the first time in a document from 1382.<br />
<br />
In his younger years he wrote himself of Skafterup and Broby, two<br />
now disappeared Zealand manors. The last manor Broby he sold to<br />
Sorø kloster. He later resided - after he (bef. 1399) had married<br />
Ingeborg Nielsdatter (Panter), widow after hr. Peder Ovesen Neb of<br />
Egede, - for some years in Gunderslevlille, but after his wife had<br />
inherited Egede after her children from first marriage, A.J wrote<br />
himself to Egede.<br />
<br />
After his father he had inherited a brother's part in Rygård, but<br />
he sold it to his brother Folmer, and he bought Gjerdrup and Ordrup<br />
at Zealand and Ordrup in Thy - and finally fru Ingeborg inherited<br />
after her rich family a large Jutland estate, amongst these Knivholt<br />
and Bøgested and parts of Asdal and Skovgård. So A.J. was one<br />
of the richest men in the country. He estimated in 1424 his landed<br />
property a value of 4000 Gylden. And he soon achieved an important<br />
role in public life. <br />
<br />
In 1388 he was still a <i>væbner</i> , but in 1390 he became a knight.<br />
In 1397 he was a<i> rigsråd</i> and also a chief at Kalmar.He had this<br />
office a year before and fought with success as the leader of<br />
civilians from Kalmar against the Fetaljebrothers, but on his way<br />
home he lost one of his ships at Gulland; it was captured by some<br />
Preussian ships, which had been sent out in the same business as<br />
himself. <br />
<br />
As for vasalries he had in 1398 and 1403 Helsingborg castle and<br />
in 1419 and 1423 Ravnsborg and Tranekjær, which are 2 of 4<br />
castles he had as a vasalry in 1424. In 412 he was a<i> hofmester,</i><br />
the hightest temporal office of the kingdom, which he possibly got<br />
in 1409 after Hr Jens Due, and it seems he kept it until his death in<br />
1429. His name is of course met very often in letters and documents<br />
of that period; he was one of 2 temporal delegates to the church<br />
assembly in Constanz 1415-16 and is the first in the row of<br />
temporal magnates, who in 1424 gave witness about Sønderjylland's<br />
position to Denmark. But there is no information about his personality<br />
or his way of work.<br />
<br />
<br />
After the death of his first wife - she still lived 1411 - he married<br />
(before 1416) Elline Evertsdatter Moltke, who survived him and<br />
later married hr. Frederik Wardenberg. Since he inherited Egede<br />
after his first wife, he probably had one or several children with<br />
her, but he was childless at his death, and since his brother Folmer<br />
only left daughters, the family quickly lost its ruling position, which it<br />
had had for a short time in the Danish nobility.<br />
<br />
<i>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon </i><br />
<i>Thiset.</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<b><i>Lunge, Folmer Jacobsen</i>,</b> –o.1412, <i>Rigsraad</i>,was a son of Jacob<br />
Olufsen Lunge and had in 1387, when he exchanged the family estate<br />
with his brothers, the manor Højstrup in Stevns herred. At this time<br />
he was both a knight and a member of the<i> rigsråd</i>, and in the following<br />
years he was one of Queen Margrethe's most important advicers, he was<br />
one of few, who at the Union meeting in Kalmar in July 1397 issued<br />
the witness about the agreed decisions. He was also used as a diplomatic<br />
delegate, in 1402 he was in Preussia and was handed over from the<br />
<i>Højmester</i> the swindler, who had given himself out to be Margrethe's<br />
deceased son Oluf ; two years later he mediated in Visby with the<br />
Preussians, who had taken Gulland. His family manor Højstrup he had<br />
pawned and later (in 1406) conveyed to the queen; his own main farms<br />
were Rythe (Rygaard) and Tvede. <br />
<br />
F.L is still mentioned in March 1411 in the Kolding-agreement, but in<br />
March 1413 his wife Elisabeth Hansdatter (Podebusk) is a widow. <br />
<br />
<i>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon</i><br />
<br />
<i>Kr. Erslev.</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<b><i>Lunge, Niels Jacobsen</i>,</b> –1402–, bishop, a son of Jacob Olufsen<br />
Lunge, is mentioned as a cannon in Roskilde in 1387 and still in 1401.<br />
In January 1402 he was by papal provision appointed bishop in<br />
Strengnæs, while the pope transferred the former bishop, the Swede<br />
Peder Johansson, to Gardar in Greenland. Already a half year later<br />
this decision was changed since the pope discovered that it had all been<br />
decided against bishop Peder's wish, and that Gardar bishopric was not<br />
free. Bishop Peder kept his Swedish bishopric and N.J.L. stayed in<br />
Denmark, where he still several years later calls himself bishop of<br />
Strengnæs. His later life is unknown. <br />
<br />
<i>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon </i><br />
<i>Kr. Erslev, Dronn. Margrethe S. 255. 483.</i><br />
<br />
<i>Kr. Erslev.</i>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-5634045472723769502011-08-12T11:36:00.000-07:002011-09-01T12:35:30.001-07:00Rane Jonsen<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwBP0pw5JrPgWVqdPQHLNz-AycM6LpJKAtaCKlGi5W_VnTDkWxkE0HURFvITODwlNfiDslJVt1mb6aSjMjiG7uT1tE2QRqRi0rjGXffYbnHbVto0bHlSxQoRvgpxU6c5SmXoToEE8fmhxO/s1600/images+gjorslev.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwBP0pw5JrPgWVqdPQHLNz-AycM6LpJKAtaCKlGi5W_VnTDkWxkE0HURFvITODwlNfiDslJVt1mb6aSjMjiG7uT1tE2QRqRi0rjGXffYbnHbVto0bHlSxQoRvgpxU6c5SmXoToEE8fmhxO/s1600/images+gjorslev.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gjorslev</td></tr>
</tbody></table><b>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon: </b><br />
<b>Jonsen, Rane,</b> –1294. The <i>væbner</i> Rane Jonsen, who had a close connection to the Hvide-family,<br />
had a high office in the royalty - as "Camerarius" at king Erik Glipping. He was the king's only companion in the night of the 22. november 1286, when the conspirators broke into Finderup lade. "Although naked and unarmed he fought the killers" says a writing from that time, but according to the folk ballad he had instead of locking the door only "placed two straws". <i> "han hug i borde og balk"</i> (he hug his sword in the table") and protected his master as a <i>skalk</i> (as a traitor). The public opinion was that Rane was the helper of the conspirators, and in the Danehof (the Danish court meeting) at Nyborg (castle) at Pentecost 1287 was Rane condemned an outlaw like the other king killers. He probably fled together with them to Norway; he was among those who was given protection by the Norwegian king Erik Præstehader (Priesthater), and he took part in the expeditions of the outlaws to Denmark. In 1294 he was careless, he came to Roskilde and was caught there and put on the wheel outside the town. The Danish folk ballads deals much with Rane Jonsen. A ballad tells how he when outlaw seizes a bride, another song from the Middle Ages sings about his capture and execution.<br />
<br />
<i>Johannes C. H. R. Steenstrup.</i><br />
<br />
<blockquote><i>What happened: </i></blockquote><br />
<blockquote>"The king was hunting in the area west of Viborg. When it was growing dark, he went with a small entourage - among these Rane Jonsen - to the village Finderup and he found a primitive lodging for the night in the church barn. There was still candle light in the room, when some men with covered faces knocked down the door, forced their way in and turned out the lights. Rane Jonsen was confused and fought them although he was naked and unarmed. But when the oproar was over and the masked men were out in the dark again, king Erik lay dead by 56 stabs of which one was under the belt. It will never be solved, who the masked men were. Except one unknown knight among the magnates, who were condemned the next year - among those Rane Jonsen and rigets Marsk (the marsk of the kingdom) Stig Andersen. Marsk Stig belonged to the Jutland part of the Hvide-family and many from this family were among the condemned. But also the Halland side-line of the royal family were among the condemned: Jacob of Nørrehalland and Peder Jacobsen and Niels." </blockquote><a href="http://www.roskildehistorie.dk/stamtavler/konger/3_Valdemarer/Halland.htm"><span style="color: teal; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> </span></a><i></i><br />
<br />
<i>The information from encyclopedia:</i><br />
Rane Jonsen was the owner of Gjorslev (Stevns Herred, Sjælland.), he was Kong Erik Glippings <i>Kammermester</i> (actually a finance-minister), took part in the regicide in Finderup in 1286 and was in 1287 with the other king killers condemned outlaw at the Danehof in Nyborg in 1287, had the same year a protection-letter from the Norwegian king, was 1294 captured in Niels Broks Gård in Roskilde and put on the wheel near Roskilde; from his forbidden Jutland estates was established a vasalry.<br />
<br />
<i>Danish Folk Ballad:</i><br />
<blockquote>Ranild bade saddle his charger gray,<br />
‘Twas told me oft before,<br />
“I’ll be the Algrave’s guest today,<br />
“Tho’ friends I have no more.”</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>Ranild rode up to his castle gate<br />
‘Twas told him oft before<br />
Where ermine-clad the Algrave sate,<br />
Tho’ friends he had no more.</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>“Hail noble Algrave, here I come,<br />
‘Twas told thee oft before<br />
“To fetch my trothplight Kirstin home,<br />
“Tho’ friends I have no more.”</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>Then up and spake her mother dear,<br />
“‘Twas told thee oft before,<br />
“For thee is bride no longer here,<br />
“For friends thou hast no more.”</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>“I’ll either with the maid return,<br />
“‘Twas told you oft before<br />
“Or else your house and chattels burn,<br />
“Tho’ friends I have no more.”</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>“Nay set not thou the house on flame,<br />
“‘Twas told thee oft before,<br />
“E’en take the bride thou ‘rt come to claim,<br />
“Tho’ friends thou hast no more.”</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>In mantle wrapt the gentle maid,<br />
‘Twas told her oft before,<br />
On Ranild’s good gray horse was laid,<br />
Tho’ friends he had no more.</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>No other bridal bed had they,<br />
‘Twas told her oft before,<br />
Than bush, and field, and new made hay,<br />
For friends he had no more.</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>“The wood has ears, the mead can see,<br />
“‘Twas told thee oft before,<br />
“A wretched outlaw’d pair are we,<br />
“For friends I have no more.”</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>“And had you not King Erick slain,<br />
“‘Twas told you oft before,<br />
“We still might in the land remain,<br />
“But friends we have no more.”</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>“Stay, Kirstin, stay, such words forbear,<br />
“‘Twas told thee oft before,<br />
“Where strangers are, take greater care,<br />
“For friends we have no ore.”</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>With that he slapp’d her cheek so red,<br />
“‘Twas told thee oft before,<br />
“It was not I, smote Erick dead,<br />
“Tho’ friends I have no more.”</blockquote><i>From the same source, Rane Jonsen meets his end:</i><br />
<blockquote>Report is rife in all the land<br />
Ranild at last is caught;<br />
He surely had never gone from Hielm,<br />
His doom had he bethought;<br />
A death of torture he must die,<br />
As he has long been taught.</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>Ranild he stepp’d within the door,<br />
‘Good evening’ bade the king,<br />
And all the guard of gentlemen,<br />
Who round him stood in ring;<br />
“Christ! may no son of loyal Dane<br />
“Such trouble on him bring!</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>“But, O King Erick, noble liege,<br />
“Remember you no more;<br />
“The best was I of all the swains<br />
“Your father’s livery wore;<br />
“And you through wood and flowery mead<br />
“In arms so often bore?”</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>“Full well I know thou servedst here<br />
“For clothes and food and pay;<br />
“And, like a vile and treacherous knave,<br />
“My father didst betray;<br />
“For which the stake thy carcase bears,<br />
“If I but reign a day.”</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>“My hands and feet hack from my limbs,<br />
“Tear from my head these eyes;<br />
“With racking tortures martyr me,<br />
“The worst you can devise;<br />
“So much the wrong I’ve done your house<br />
“For vengeance on me cries.”</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>“Thine eyes put out, that will we not,<br />
“Nor lop thy hands or feet;<br />
“But with a traitor’s hardest death<br />
“The worst of traitors treat;<br />
“And on our father’s murderer take<br />
“Such vengeance as is meet.”</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>As forth from Roskilde he was led,<br />
He wrung his hands anew,<br />
And tears to see him go to die<br />
Wept ladies not a few;<br />
He turn’d him round, and bade them all<br />
A thousand times Adieu.</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>They led him forth to where the rack<br />
Stood ghastly on the plain;<br />
“O Christ, from such a martyring death<br />
“Protect each honest Dane!<br />
“Had I but stay’d at Hielm this year,<br />
“And there in safety lain!</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>“Now were there here one faithful friend,<br />
“Who home for me would go,<br />
“And would my sorrowing wife Christine,<br />
“Her path of duty show!<br />
“O Christ, look on my children dear!<br />
“O comfort thou their woe!</blockquote><br />
<blockquote>“And you, I pray, good Christian folk,<br />
“Who here are standing round,<br />
“A pater noster read for me,<br />
“That grace for me be found;<br />
“And that this night I reach the land,<br />
“Where heavenly joys abound.”</blockquote>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-91566658078120633932011-04-13T12:20:00.000-07:002011-09-23T09:14:55.665-07:00The Portuguese Connection, Berengaria and her family<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtU4-P4Mt5bxGPuxu1XDS4fMxr9r3HnUnP54C4cZTslRU62IlgI_5t1dQhbZwiQS45BRtZkwRFa6FRMoH047wMXjc_RALFQU3Vada-8103tTlC6_Av7psij4wv_7-ENqz3KNQ9FAx9rrmT/s1600/images+portugal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtU4-P4Mt5bxGPuxu1XDS4fMxr9r3HnUnP54C4cZTslRU62IlgI_5t1dQhbZwiQS45BRtZkwRFa6FRMoH047wMXjc_RALFQU3Vada-8103tTlC6_Av7psij4wv_7-ENqz3KNQ9FAx9rrmT/s1600/images+portugal.jpg" /></a></div>The Danish kings Eric IV, Abel and Christopher I had Portuguese grandparents via their mother, queen Berengaria, who was a Portuguese infanta and the fifth daughter of Portuguese King Sancho I and Dulce of Aragon.She was the member of a large family, and she had ten siblings. Her mother died in 1198, when Berengaria was about three years of age - and her father died in 1212. In various annals and ballads she is known as Bringenilæ, Bengerd, Bengjerd and related forms. In 1211, at the age of sixteen she was at the French court together with her brother Ferrante (Ferdinand). King Philip II August (another of Berengaria's and Ferdinand's cousins) had arranged a marriage for Ferdinand to Jeanne of Flanders, which made him count of Flanders. Here, at the French court, was Berengaria introduced to King Valdemar, whose sister Ingeborg was married to King Philip. It seems that the marriage between Valdemar and Berengaria might have been Ferdinand's wish of connecting Valdemar Sejr to the alliance against France, which Ferdinand in the summer 1213 entered together with King John of England and the German emperor Otto IV. It was probably because of Berengaria that Valdemar entered another connection to the Portuguese royalty, when his eldest son Valdemar the Young in 1229 was married to Berengaria's niece, Alfonso 2.'s daughter Eleonora. Berengaria was married to King Valdemar in May 1214. They were married for seven years until her death in childbed in 1221, and they had four surviving children:<br />
<br />
<i>Erik IV of Denmark (1216-1250) King of the Danes (1241-1250).</i><br />
<i>Sophie (1217-1247), married John I; Margrave of Brandenburg.</i><br />
<i> </i><i>Abel of Denmark (1218-1252), King of the Danes (1250-1252).</i><br />
<i>Christopher I of Denmark (1219-1259), King of the Danes (1252-1259)</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<i>Berengaria, beautiful and haughty versus Dagmar, soft and pious.</i><br />
It was an almost impossible task for Berengaria to follow in the footsteps of the popular Dagmar of Bohemia, King Valdemar's first wife. Dagmar was blonde and with Nordic looks - and Berengaria was the opposite, a dark-eyed, raven haired beauty. In 1214, when she got married to Valdemar, she was a young woman of nineteen - and she arrived in a Danish court and a strange country , which must have seemed immensely foreign to a girl from the warm southern Europe and the more refined French court. The Danes did not exactly welcome her with open arms. They made up folk songs about her and blamed her for the high taxes, which seems awkward. She had probably not much to do with Valdemar's decisions about taxation, except that she might have been blamed for the costy wedding and her possible luxurious habits around clothes and jewels. Or else she was noted for having made donations to churches and convents, but it must have been difficult for her to win peoples trust and sympathy. Old folk ballads says that Dagmar on her deathbed had begged Valdemar to marry Kirsten, the daughter of Karl von Rise and not the "beautiful flower" Berengaria. Although this is merely legend and there's no historical prove of this. The tradition about Berengaria and Dagmar was written down in the 1500s which makes it rather doubtful. Valdemar's two queens play a prominent role in Danish ballads and myths - Dagmar as the soft, pious and popular ideal wife and Berengaria (Bengjerd) as the beautiful and haughty woman.<br />
<br />
<i>Concrete knowledge about Berengaria </i><br />
The concrete knowledge about Berengaria's life is minimal and at random. The popes Innocens 3. and Honorius 3. confirmed her morning gift, which is unusual. The size of the morning gift, which the bridegroom gives in order to secure his wife's possible widowhood, is not known. Berengaria was the first Danish queen known to have worn a crown, which is mentioned in the inventory of her possessions (1225). Her personal possessions were kept apart from the ransom in 1225 for King Valdemar and his eldest son after their capture at Lyø two years earlier, and among these possessions was her crown. It is the first time a crown of a Danish queen is mentioned in documents. In 1221 Berengaria, after giving birth to three future kings, died in childbirth. Queen Berengaria is buried in St. Bendt's Church in Ringsted, on one side of Valdemar II, with Queen Dagmar buried on the other side of the King.When queen Berengaria's grave was opened in 1885, they found her thick plait of hair, her finely formed skull and finely built body bones, proving the legends about her reported beauty. A portrait drawing was made to show how she might have looked.<br />
<div class="bio"><br />
</div><i>Berengaria's Father </i><br />
<i><b>Sancho I</b></i>, nicknamed the Populator, was second monarch of Portugal. Sancho belonged to the <i>Portuguese branch of the House of Burgundy, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. </i>He was born on 11 November 1154 in Coimbra and died on 26 March 1212 in the same city. He was the second but only surviving legitimate son and fourth child of Afonso (Alfonso) I Henriques of Portugal by his wife, Maud of Savoy. Sancho succeeded his father in 1185. He used the title King of the Algarve and/or King of Silves between 1189 and 1191. In 1170 he was knighted by his father, King Afonso I, and from then on he became his second in command, both administratively and militarily. With the death of Afonso I in 1185, Sancho I became the second king of Portugal. Coimbra was the centre of his kingdom; Sancho I dedicated much of his reign to political and administrative organization of the new kingdom. He accumulated a national treasure, supported new industries and the middle class of merchants. Moreover, he created several new towns and villages (like Guarda in 1199) and took great care in populating remote areas in the northern Christian regions of Portugal, notably with Flemings and Burgundians – hence the nickname "the Populator". The king was also known for his love of knowledge and literature. Sancho I wrote several books of poems and used the royal treasure to send Portuguese students to European universities.<br />
<br />
<i>Berengaria's Mother</i><br />
<i><b>Dulce of Aragon</b></i> (or of Barcelona) (1160–1198) was the wife of King Sancho I of Portugal. She was the eldest daughter of Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona and his wife, Queen Petronila of Aragon.Dulce was married to Prince Sancho in 1174, an event that renewed the alliance between Portugal and her native Aragon. The union was arranged by her brother, King Afonso II of Aragon. With her husband's ascent to the throne in 1185, she became Queen consort<br />
<br />
<br />
<i>Sancho and Dulce's children were:</i><br />
<i>Teresa, (1178/1181-1250) married to King Alfonso IX of Leon.</i><br />
<i>Raymond (c.1180-1189)</i><br />
<i>Sancha ( a. 1182-13 March 1229) Abbess of Lorvao in Penacova. </i><br />
<i>Constance (c. 1182-3 August 1202)</i><br />
<i>Afonso II (23 April 1185-25 March 1223) Succeeded Sancho I of Portugal as 3rd King of Portugal.</i><br />
<i>Peter (23 February 1187-2 June 1258) Count of Urgell and Lord of the Balearic islands, lived in Leon and married Countess Aurembiaix of Urgell.</i><br />
<i>Ferdinand (24 March 1188- 4 March 1233) Lived in France and married Jeanne of Flanders</i><br />
<i>Henry (1189-1189)</i><br />
<i>Branca (c. 1195-1240) Lady of Guadalajara.</i><br />
<i>Berengária (c.1195- 1221) Married to King Valdemar II of Denmark</i><br />
<i>Mafalda (c. 1198-1256) married to King Henry I of Castile By Maria Aires ( -1180?)had Sancho a natural son and daughter: Martim/Henrique Sanches (c. 1200-1229) and Urraca Sanches (c. 1200-1256) - and by Maria Pais Ribereira (Ribeirinha) (c.1170-1258) had Sancho 6 natural children: Rodrigo, Gil, Nuno, Teresa, Constanca and Maior Sanches. <br />
</i><br />
<br />
<table class="wikitable"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="4"><i>Berengarias sisters and brothers: </i><br />
<i><b>Teresa/Theresa </b></i>was<i> </i>the oldest daughter of Sancho and Dulce. She was about 14- 16? years old, when Berengaria was born and might have been like a mother to three year old Berengaria, when their mother died in 1198. Theresa was born October 4, 1178 and died June 18 1250. She was also known as Tarasia of Portugal and later as the infanta-rainha (English: Princess-Queen). She was married to Alfonso IX of Leon and the mother of three children: two daughters and a son who died young. Her marriage to Alfonso was declared invalid because they were first cousins, and she returned to her familial home of Lorvao, Portugal, where she founded a Benedictine monastery. She converted the monastery into a large Cistercian convent with over 300 nuns. Alfonso's second marriage was also annulled, because his second wife Berengaria of Castile was his first cousin - and later was a dispute among the children as to who would inherit the throne after Alfonso's death in 1230. Teresa stepped in and allowed Ferdinand II of Castile, Berengaria's eldest son, to take the throne of Leon. She returned to Lorvao and finally took her convent wovs after years of living as a nun. She died in the convent on June 18, 1250 of natural causes. On December 13, 1705, Teresa was beatified by Pope Clement II's papal bull<i> Sollicitudo Pastoralis Offici</i>, along with her sister Sancha of Portugal. Her Catholic feast day is June 17. </td> </tr>
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<i><b>Infanta Sancha of Portugal</b></i> <span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in IPA"></span>, was a Portuguese princess, second daughter of King Sancho and Dulce. She was born on an unknown date, prior to 1182 and died in the Monastery of Celas, on March 13, 1229. Her body was moved to Lorvao Abbey, which she had founded and became the first abbess of. She was also the feudal Lady of Alenquer. On December 13, 1705 Sancha was beatified by Pope Clement XI's papal bull <i>Sollicitudo Pastoralis Offici</i>, along with her sister Theresa of Portugal.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoba%C3%A7a_%28Portugal%29" title="Alcobaça (Portugal)"> </a></td> <td><br />
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<tr> <td><br />
<i>Afonso II and his wife Urraca of Castile</i> <i>(her mother a Plantagenet)</i><br />
<b><i>Afonso II </i><span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in IPA"></span></b> (English <i>Alphonzo</i>), or <i>Affonso</i> , <i>Alfonso</i> or <i>Alphonso</i> or <i>Alphonsus</i> , nicknamed "the Fat" (Portuguese <i>o Gordo</i>), third king of Portugal, was born in Coimbra on 23 April 1185 and died on 25 March 1223 in the same city. He was the second but eldest surviving son of Sancho I of Portugal by his wife Dulce, Infanta of Aragon. Afonso succeeded his father in 1212.Since military issues were not a government priority, Afonso established the state's administration and centralized power on himself. He designed the first set of Portuguese written laws. These were mainly concerned with private property, civil justice, and minting. Afonso also sent ambassadors to European kingdoms outside the Iberian Peninsula and began amicable commercial relations with most of them. The Church: Afonso II endeavoured to weaken the power of the clergy and to apply a portion of the enormous revenues of the Roman Catholic Church to purposes of national utility. These actions led to a serious diplomatic conflict between the pope and Portugal. After being excommunicated for his audacities by Pope Honorius III, Afonso II promised to make amends to the church, but he died in 1223 before making any serious attempts to do so.<br />
Afonso was married to Urraca of Castile (1186, 28 May 1187 - 3 November 1220) who was a daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleonora of England. Her maternal grandparents were<i> Henry II of England </i>and<i> Eleanor of Aquitaine</i>. She was originally considered as a prospective bride for Louis VIII of France, but Eleanor of Aquitaine objected to her name (Urraca means magpie in Spanish) preferring the Spanish name of Urraca's sister Blanche, (Blanca) In 1206 Urraca married Afonso II of Portugal. They were the parents of five children. (Sancho II, Afonso III, Eleanor, Ferdinand and Vicente. The daughter Eleanor was married to Valdemar III the Young of Denmark.) </td> <td><br />
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<tr> <td colspan="4"><i></i><br />
Two years younger than Afonso, <i><b>Peter I </b>(Portuguese: </i><span lang="pt"><i>Pedro) </i>was born in Coimbra,</span> February 23, 1187 and died on the Balearic Islands, June 2, 1258. He was the second son of King Sancho and Dulce, and would eventually become Count of Urgell and Lord of the Balearic Islands. After the death of his father, Peter took the side of his sisters Mafalda, Sancha and Theresa, in their quarrel with his elder brother, now King Afonso II, over inheritance of the castles of Seia, Alenquer and Montemor-o-Novo, Peter got the protection of his sister Theresa, then Queen of Leon, from whose territory he launched several inconclusive attacks on the Portuguese border province of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, but eventually had to concede defeat and perpetual exile from Portugal. Peter then left León to become a mercenary in the service of Yusuf II, the Almohad Caliph of Morocco. Subsequently, Peter moved to Aragon, his mother's homeland, where he became involved in the schemes and campaigns of his relative , the young and ambitious King James I .<br />
In 1229 Peter married <i>Countess Aurembiaix of Urgell,</i> who had long been exiled from Urgell by the ururper Guerau IV de Cabrera, and who had been James I's mistress. With Peter as her husband and co-ruler, James helped Aurembiaix regain Urgell under the Aragonese overlordship - after she and Peter agreed to hand over to the King the city of Lleida. In 1230, Peter helped the Bishop of Tarragone to conquer the Balearic island of Ibiza from the Moors. Following Aurembiaix's death in 1231, Peter continued as Count of Urgell in a titular capacity, but this position was disputed by his overlord James I. In 1236 they came to an agreement by which Peter gave up Urgell. In exchange, Peter got the newly-conquered Balearic islands of Majorca, Ibiza and Formentera as well as some important castles.Peter ruled these Balearic possessions until his death, in 1258. As he left no legitimate issue, they then reverted to the Aragonese Crown, later becoming the core of Kingdom of Majorca ruled by a minor branch of the Aragonese Royal Family. Peter left two illegitimate sons, Rodrigo and Fernando.<br />
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</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><b><i>Ferdinand of Portugal, Count of Flanders</i></b>, <i>the brother with whom Berengaria went to the French court.</i> He was born in Coimbra, March 24, 1188 and died in Noyon, July 27, 1233; (Portuguese: Fernando, Old French Ferrand), fourth son of Sancho and Dulce. He was Count of Flanders by marriage to <i>Countess Joan/Jeanne of Flanders</i>, eldest daughter of Baldwin/Balduin IX of Flanders. Ferdinand married Joan on January 1212 in Paris.While on their way to Flanders the newlyweds were captured by Joan's first cousin Louis (the future Louis VIII of France), eldest son of Philip Augustus and Joan's aunt, Isabella of Flanders. Louis' aim was to acquire his dead mother's dowry, a large piece of Flemish territory including Artois, which Joan's father had taken back by force after Isabella's death. Released after this concession, Joan and Ferdinand soon joined the old allies of her father, king John of England, and Emperor Otto IV, in an alliance against France. They were decisively defeated at Bouvines in July 1214, where Ferdinand was taken prisoner. Ferdinand was to remain in French hands for the next 12 years, while Joan ruled alone. He was set free in January 1227 by Blanca of Castile after Louis VIII's death. Ferdinand died in Noyon on July 27, 1233. From his marriage to countess Joan was a daughter, born in 1231, but she died in 1235.<br />
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<i><b>Infanta Branca of Portugal (</b></i>c. 1192- died in Guadalajara, November 17, 1240), English: Blanche; was a Portuguese princess, eighth child of King Sancho and Dulce. She was the feudal Lady of Guadalajara. Branca was co-founder of, and a nun at the Dominican convent at Coimbra. She is buried in Santa Cruz de Coimbra. </td><td><br />
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<i><b>Infanta Mafalda of Portugal</b></i> (c. 1197 –died in Rio tinto, Amarante, May 1, 1256);<span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in IPA"></span> was a Portuguese princess, later Queen consort of Castile for a brief period. She was the second youngest daughter of King Sancho I of Portugal and Dulce.In 1215, Mafalda married <i>Henry I of Castile. </i>As he was very young, the marriage was not consummated, and it was dissolved in 1216. After that she became a nun in Arouca and died in Rio tinto (Amarante) on May 1, 1256. On June 27, 1793 she was Beatified.<small> </small><br />
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<i>Sources: Wikipedia (English, German, Danish,) Dansk Kvindebiografisk Lexicon)</i><br />
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<i>grethe bachmann </i> <span style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Unicode">©</span></span> <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant: small-caps;">copyright</span><i> </i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-81700555810546182062011-04-03T06:05:00.000-07:002011-09-23T09:19:31.956-07:00Ælfgifu/Aelfgifu of Northampton (c. 990 - after 1040) , consort of King Cnut of England and Denmark.,<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk6HhnO5-gpK_kw4iwdPxJeSmphW5IiFkOSFyx9-OJvQUkvEOHyc70Pq77-ki4LHNJ8s0APmJitqtLW1egWHtw66PKdHsTTgCEVFt9lu_nvNaHdGEkFB4eXpYIcPwm6GZin6HZ-IOIhgot/s1600/middelalder.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk6HhnO5-gpK_kw4iwdPxJeSmphW5IiFkOSFyx9-OJvQUkvEOHyc70Pq77-ki4LHNJ8s0APmJitqtLW1egWHtw66PKdHsTTgCEVFt9lu_nvNaHdGEkFB4eXpYIcPwm6GZin6HZ-IOIhgot/s400/middelalder.jpg" width="400" /></a><i> </i><br />
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<i>Ælfgifu of Northampton (</i>c. 990 – after 1040) was an Anglo-Saxon noblewoman who became the first consort of King Cnut of England and Denmark, and mother of King Harold I of England (1035–1040). She served as regent of Norway from 1030 to 1035. She is not to be confused with her rival Emma of Normandy, whose name could be rendered as Ælfgifu in Old English, nor with King Ætehlred's first wife, Ælfgifu of York.<br />
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Ælfgifu was born into an important noble family based in the Midlands ( Mercia). She was a daughter of Ælfhelm, ealdorman of southern Northumbria, who was killed in 1006. John of Worcester<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton#cite_note-0"></a></sup> names his wife Wulfrun, but it is possible that he had her confused with the Wulfrun, who was Ælfhelm's mother and possibly patron of the community at Wolverhampton.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton#cite_note-1"></a></sup> Another noteworthy figure who belonged to this family was Ælfhelm's brother (hence Ælfgifu's uncle)Wulfric Spot, a wealthy nobleman and patron of Burton Abbey. her cognomen<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton#cite_note-2"></a></sup> of Northampton attached to her in Manuscript D of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in order to distinguish her from Emma of Normandy, and consequently adopted by later historians such as John of Worcester. It would seem to indicate that she was a prominent landholder in the area.<br />
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Ælfgifu's date of birth is unknown. Any conjectures are largely based on the date of her father's death (1006), the approximate date of her betrothal to Cnut (1004 x 1016, see below) and the time by which she had borne him sons, whose ages are themselves difficult to establish. To remain on the safe side, it can be assumed that she was born sometime between the (mid-)980's and (mid-)990's.<br />
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In 1013 Swein Forkbeard (Sven Tveskæg),King of Denmark, invaded northern England. The northern peoples, many of them of Scandinavian descent, immediately submitted to him. He then married his young son Cnut to Ælfgifu to seal their loyalty. Swein went on to conquer the whole of England and was accepted as King, but he died in February 1014 after a reign of only five weeks. Æthelred then sent an army which forced Cnut to flee back to Denmark, leaving his wife and their baby son,Svein (Svend Alfifasen) the future King of Norway, behind with her family. They were anxious to make their peace with Æthelred, but unwilling to hand Ælfgifu and her son over to Æthelred to be murdered, so they sent the mother and child with King Swein's body to Denmark. There she became pregnant again and in 1015 or 1016 she gave birth to Harold Harefoot (Harald Harefod).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton#cite_note-3"></a></sup><br />
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Her two sons were to figure prominently in the empire which their father built in northern Europe, though not without opposition. After his conquest of England in 1016, Cnut married emma of Normandy, the widow of King Æthelred It was then regarded as acceptable to put aside one wife and take another, a which might be described as "serial monogamy".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton#cite_note-4"></a></sup>Emma's sons, Edward and Ælfred by Æthelred and Harthacnut (Hardicanute) by Cnut, were also claimants to the throne of her husband. Exactly how the second marriage affected Ælfgifu's status as Cnut's first consort is unknown, but there is no evidence to suggest that she was repudiated.<br />
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Cnut sent Ælfgifu with their eldest son Svein to rule Norway, in 1030. Their rule was, however, so harsh that the Norwegians rebelled against them. They were driven out, in 1034 or 1035, while Svein died of wounds in Denmark shortly after, probably in 1036. In Norway, where she was known as <i>Álfífa</i> in Old Norse, this period entered history as 'Álfífa's time' (<i>Álfífuǫld</i>), remembered for her severe rule and heavy taxation. In the Norwegian <i>Ágrip</i>, for instance, the following verse is attributed to her contemporary, the skald Sigvatr (Sigvard:<br />
<dl><dd>Ælfgyfu’s time</dd><dd>long will the young man remember,</dd><dd>when they at home ate ox’s food,</dd><dd>and like the goats, ate rind.</dd></dl><dl><dd>Cnut died at Shaftesbury in 1035. Symeon of durham and Adam of Bremen suggest that Cnut had reserved the English throne for Harold, while the <i>Encomium Emmae Reginae</i> claims that he done so for Harthacnut. In any event, on Cnut's death, Ælfgifu was determined that her second son Harold should be the next English king. She had returned to England (at least) by 1036, while Emma's son Harthacnut was away in Denmark, at war with the Norwegian king Magnus I, and the Swedes under their king Anund Jacob. Emma's other sons, Ælfred and Edward, stayed in Normandy. With help from her supporters, Ælfgifu was able to secure the throne for her son. In the view of Frank Stenton, she was probably the real ruler of England for part, if not the whole, of his reign.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"> </sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"></sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton#cite_note-6"></a></sup> The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (versions C, D and E) describes how Harold and his men forcefully laid claim on the treasury house in Winchester, where Cnut was buried and Emma had taken up residence: That Ælfgifu was such a key figure in these political machinations is spelled out in messages which reached the German court. Immo, a chaplain and cathedral canon at the court of Worms, reported to the bishop of Worms that Anglo-Saxon messengers (<i>legati Anglorum</i>) had come to Worms and there informed Gunhild, daughter of Cnut and Emma, about the latest developments.</dd></dl>It is unfortunate that most of the sources are extremely biased in favour of Emma and her sons. While in the previous letter, which can hardly be called neutral, Ælfgifu is accused of using deception, lavish feasts and bribery in order to wheedle support, Emma's encomiast attributes to her even more seriously dishonest methods. Apart from claiming that Harold was only accepted as a temporary regent, he makes Ælfgifu an accomplice in the murder of Ælfred Ætheling by suggesting that she was responsible for sending a forged letter to Normandy inviting Ælfred to England.<br />
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Another way in which the legitimacy of Harold's succession was disputed in the wake of the succession crisis was by focusing on his and his brother's parentage:<br />
<dl><dd><i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>: Harold's claim that he was the son of Cnut and Ælfgifu is either distrusted or simply denied.</dd><dd><i>Encomium Emmae Reginae</i>: heard that Harold was secretly a servant's son</dd><dd>John of Worcester: heard tales in which the fathers of Svein and Harold were respectively a priest and a shoemaker. </dd><dd>Adam of Bremen states that Svein and Harold were sons to Cnut and a <i>concubina</i> (but that Cnut nevertheless reserved England for Harold, Denmark for Harthacnut).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton#cite_note-8"></a></sup></dd></dl><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Death"></span></h2>Ælfgifu fell into obscurity after Harold's death in 1040, and the crowning of Harthacnut, the legitimate heir to Cnut and also the King of Denmark. It is unknown when she died.<i> </i><br />
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<i>Source: Wikipedia</i><br />
<i>grethe bachmann </i> <span style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Unicode">©</span></span> <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant: small-caps;">copyright</span><i> </i><br />
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</a></div><i>Primary sources:</i><br />
<table><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"><br />
</td><td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"><i><br />
</i></td><td style="padding: 1pt 10pt;"><ul><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, MSS C, D and E, ed. D. Dumville and S. Keynes, <i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. A Colloborative Edition</i>. Cambridge, 1983; tr. M.J. Swanton, <i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles</i>. 2nd ed. London, 2000.</li>
<li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomium_Emmae_Reginae">Encomium Emmae Reginae</a></i>, ed. and tr. Alistair Campbell, <i>Encomium Emmae Reginae</i>. Cambridge, 1998.</li>
<li>Letter of Immo, chaplain at the court of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>, to Bishop Azeko of Worms, preserved in the Lorsch manuscript, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Palatinus_Latinus" title="Codex Palatinus Latinus">Codex Palatinus Latinus</a> 930 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_Library">Vatican Library</a>), ed. W. Bulst, <i>Die ältere Wormser Briefsammlung</i>. MGH Epistolae. Die Briefe der deutschen Kaiserzeit 3. Weimar, 1949. 20–2 (no. 5.). Available from the <a class="external text" href="http://mdz11.bib-bvb.de/dmgh_new/app/web?action=loadBook&bookId=00000531" rel="nofollow">Digital MGH</a>.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a>, <i>Gesta regum Anglorum</i>, ed. and tr. R.A.B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson and M. Winterbottom, <i>William of Malmesbury. Gesta Regum Anglorum. The History of the English Kings</i>. OMT. 2 vols: vol 1. Oxford, 1998.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symeon_of_Durham">Symeon of Durham</a>, ed. T. Arnold, <i>Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia</i>. 2 vols. London, 1885.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Worcester">John of Worcester</a>, <i>Chronicle (of Chronicles)</i>, ed. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Thorpe">Benjamin Thorpe</a>, <i>Florentii Wigorniensis monachi chronicon ex chronicis</i>. 2 vols. London, 1848–9.</li>
<li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81grip_af_N%C3%B3regskonungas%C3%B6gum">Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum</a></i> §§ 27, 32, 35, ed. and tr. M.J. Driscoll, <i><span class="Unicode">Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum</span></i>. Viking Society for Northern Research Text Series 10. 2nd ed. 2008 (1995). <a class="external text" href="http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/" rel="nofollow">Available online from the Viking Society for Northern Research</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoric_the_Monk" title="Theodoric the Monk">Theodoricus monachus</a>, <i>Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium</i>, chapter 21, tr. David and Ian McDougall. <i>The Ancient History of the Norwegian Kings</i>. Viking Society for Northern Research, 1998.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_Saga_of_St._Olaf" title="Legendary Saga of St. Olaf">Legendary <i>Óláfs saga helga</i></a> ch. 71</li>
<li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morkinskinna">Morkinskinna</a></i>, ed. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnur_J%C3%B3nsson">Finnur Jónsson</a>. <i>Morkinskinna</i>. Copenhagen: Samfund til udgivelse af gammel nordisk litteratur, 1932.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum">Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum</a></i>.</li>
<li>The Chronicle of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Candidus">Hugh Candidus</a></li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection"></span><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span class="mw-headline" id="Secondary_literature" style="font-weight: normal;">Secondary literature</span></span></i></h2><ul><li>'Ælfgifu 1', 'Ælfhelm 17', 'Wulfrun', 'Wulfric 52', <a class="external text" href="http://www.pase.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a>.</li>
<li>Campbell, M.W. "Queen Emma and Ælfgifu of Northampton. Canute the Great's women." <i>Medieval Scandinavia</i> 4 (1971): 60–79.</li>
<li>Rognoni, L., "Presenza e azione di Ælfgifu di Northampton, regina madre e reggente nell'Impero del Nord di Canuto il Grande (1013–1040)" (in Italian) <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.tesionline.it/default/tesi.asp?idt=9666" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></li>
<li>Stenton, Frank. <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Oxford, 1971. 397–8.</li>
<li>Stevenson, W.H. "An alleged son of King Harold Harefoot." <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Historical_Review" title="English Historical Review">English Historical Review</a></i> 28 (1913): 112–7.</li>
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</tbody></table>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-80317842659769892492011-03-06T11:13:00.000-08:002011-09-23T09:20:43.018-07:00Christoffer I, ab. 1219-1259, ~ Margrethe Sambiria, - 1282<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHL99Ds2V0_r5b05DidXwA_VXKSZJeMPgTxfc1B6peHEOschxwM61-NJ8jisUpco6rYkiQAghT6Kh2Jt4uoaVxbRdRXV_HghO_Q2jhQRB9btC_Fr5HS9oYJ-zfwR9PF3wYUNa_-cENLVeK/s1600/middelalder+2+bjaelke.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHL99Ds2V0_r5b05DidXwA_VXKSZJeMPgTxfc1B6peHEOschxwM61-NJ8jisUpco6rYkiQAghT6Kh2Jt4uoaVxbRdRXV_HghO_Q2jhQRB9btC_Fr5HS9oYJ-zfwR9PF3wYUNa_-cENLVeK/s400/middelalder+2+bjaelke.jpg" width="400" /></a><b> </b><br />
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<i>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon</i><br />
<i>Project Runeberg</i><br />
<i>1887-1905</i><br />
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<b>Christoffer I,</b> ab.1219-59, King, a son of king Valdemar Sejr<br />
and Berengaria. In his youth (fx in 1245) C. is mentioned as<br />
the lord of Lolland and Falster; he had during his brother Erik<br />
Plovpenning's rule for a period joined hertug Abel against<br />
the king, but a reconciliation was however made. After<br />
Abel was killed 29 June 1252 C. was celebrated king and was<br />
crowned on Christmas day the same year in Lund's cathedral,<br />
although Abel's eldest son Valdemar -while his father lived -<br />
had been acknowledged as heir to the throne. In this way<br />
began a feud between the two lines of the royal family, which<br />
continued through generations and still was nourished by all<br />
the other feud-topics of that time. C. reconciled in 1254 with<br />
Abel's family by endowing Valdemar with Schleswig, but when<br />
the young hertug (duke) died 3 years later, C. took back the<br />
vasalry and the feud started again. Another feud came to, a feud<br />
with the church. The intelligent, power-craving and ruthless bishop<br />
in Roskilde Jacob Erlandsen took over the archbishopric in 1254,<br />
fully prepared to carry through the church's newly gained special<br />
position opposite the secular power. When <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danehof">Danehof</a> was held<br />
in Nyborg in 1256, Jacob Erlandsen summoned a church meeting<br />
in Vejle, where they agreed that if any bishop was harmed and<br />
if the king supposedly was to blame, then the whole country should<br />
be under interdict. C.now behaved violently towards the bishops;<br />
and at the same time the poorest among the peasants started to<br />
riot, a war broke out with Norway, and king Hakon Hakonsen<br />
placed his fleet outside Copenhagen (1257); then C. decided to<br />
reconcile with this enemy and even united with Hakon in a alliance.<br />
C.'s violent behaviour towards the church reached its peak, when<br />
he was furious with the archbishop, who denied to crown his son<br />
Erik, and in February 1259 he let Jacob Erlandsen put into prison.<br />
The interdict had now to be imposed on Denmark; some bishops<br />
rebelled against the king and joined prince Jarimar of Rügen and<br />
Erik (Abelsen), and a Wendic army came to Copenhagen. C.<br />
took up the fight with great energy, but 29. May 1259 he suddenly<br />
died in Ribe. There was a suspicion that he had been poisoned,<br />
and abbot Arnfast of Ry was said to be the murderer, but there<br />
are no proofs of this accusation. C. was buried in Ribe cathedral.<br />
<br />
C.s short rule was a fatal and very unrest period, and the<br />
king, who was an obstinate, but brave and active prince, held<br />
on to the Crown's rights, and he was probably not able to fight<br />
the big fight; some of his actions however indicate a diplomatic<br />
cleverness and ability to give in in the last moment. C., who<br />
was praised for his chastity, was in 1248 married to the stout<br />
daughter of the Pommeranian hertug Sambor, Margrethe<br />
Sambiria (with the byname Sprænghest ), she died in 1282.<br />
They had the children Erik Glipping, (Klipping) Valdemar,<br />
Niels and Mechtild, married to margraf Albert III of<br />
Brandenburg. <br />
<br />
<i>Johannes C. H. R. Steenstrup.</i><b> </b><br />
<br />
<b>Margrethe Sambiria,</b> –1282, queen, was a daughter of the<br />
East-Pommeranian prince Sambor, a brother of Svantopolk<br />
the Great; her mother 's name was Mechtilde who came from<br />
Mecklenburg. In 1248 was Margrethe married to Valdemar<br />
Sejr's youngest son Christoffer, and in 1252 she was crowned<br />
together with him. The marriage is mentioned as a very happy<br />
one, and she and her husband had several children, among<br />
these 3 sons, from whom only Erik Glipping became a grown<br />
man. While Christoffer lived, M. is only mentioned on<br />
rare occasions, but it is seen that she together with her father<br />
tried to mediate between the king and archbishop Jacob<br />
Erlandsen. After her husband's sudden death (29 May 1259)<br />
she played a larger role, since she was a guardian and ruler for<br />
her only nine year old son Erik. She lost every hope of resisting<br />
Christoffer's enemies when the peasants from Zealand were<br />
beaten by the Rügen-prince Jarimar at Næstved, and M. had<br />
to buy the peace by several concessions ; the imprisoned<br />
archbishop was given his freedom, Erik Abelsøn was endowed<br />
with Sønderjylland. M. soon entered the politics of her late<br />
husband; in spite of protests from the archisbop she let the<br />
Jutland bishops crown Erik in Viborg, and in 1261 she lead<br />
an army into the hertugdømme (duchy). Her progress was<br />
only shortlived however, the Holsteiners arrived, and at<br />
Lohede (28. July) they gained the victory over the Danes;<br />
the young king and his mother fell into the hands of the<br />
enemies. But now showed M.her untiring energy, from<br />
her prison in Hamburg she called for the help from Albert<br />
of Braunschwig; he suceeded in getting her out of prison,<br />
and they returned to Denmark together. Hertug Albert was<br />
appointed the vice-regent of Denmark, and M noticed<br />
gladly, how violently he behaved against the opponents of<br />
the royal house; she even fell in love with the young hertug,<br />
so is it said in the Braunschwig-Chronicle. In 1263 Albert<br />
left Denmark, but the next year could M. fetch her own<br />
son back, and he was declared of age in 1266. <br />
<br />
At this time M. had for life bwwn given Estonia to be in her<br />
ownership as a widow. She was still the ruler of the kingdom<br />
for a long time, and her energy was probably due to that the<br />
archbishop-feud ended in a good way - and also that<br />
hertugdømmet (duchy) after Erik Abelsøn's death 1272 again<br />
came back to the Crown. Later she is more retired, and she<br />
died in December 1282 during a stay in Rostock; in the<br />
nearby Cisterciense-Abbey in Doberan, to which her father<br />
had a friendly relationship, she found her last rest, and here is<br />
still seen a strange wooden sculpture of her, which before was<br />
a cover over her sarcophagus. <br />
<br />
Her byname Sprænghest (jumping horse) suited well to all the<br />
energy M, showed while she was a widow; in legends she is<br />
also called Sorte Grethe (Black Grethe), but here is she mixed<br />
with her great namesake, Margrethe Valdemarsdatter.<br />
According to some it was M. who built a part of Danevirke,<br />
called Margrethevolden, which however is not very possible. <br />
M. gave some estate to the Holy Cross Kloster in Rostock;<br />
soon after her death it was told that she had founded the<br />
kloster and given it a splinter of the Holy Cross, which she<br />
personally had received from the pope, and which during<br />
her way home had saved her and her entourage in a storm<br />
at the sea; everything was told in a document, which was<br />
said to be from the queen herself, but the authenticity of<br />
this document is uncertain. <br />
<br />
Script, rer. Prussicarum I, 690 f.<br />
Videnskab. Selsk. Skr., Hist. phil. Afd., 5. R. IV, 377 ff.<br />
Aarb. f. nord. Oldkynd. 1877, S. 55 ff.; 1881, S. 50 ff.<br />
<br />
<i>Kr. Erslev.</i>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-42909773874117392902011-01-17T08:12:00.000-08:002011-09-23T09:22:03.297-07:00Axel Pedersen Thott and Seven Axelsons<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyw3A-n_O_-47FzqnBNTExCdzt266CVy3TldMYd-JmTpcIn41wGsnEOUtqWsu_cPoHS4Um91vSrLMonMxZNEB-nXbNHP5mxLbNPhQyl_4XkjwRgHRPumfEgDpNz6OSnAQ_DorXqW38k3gf/s1600/middelalder.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyw3A-n_O_-47FzqnBNTExCdzt266CVy3TldMYd-JmTpcIn41wGsnEOUtqWsu_cPoHS4Um91vSrLMonMxZNEB-nXbNHP5mxLbNPhQyl_4XkjwRgHRPumfEgDpNz6OSnAQ_DorXqW38k3gf/s400/middelalder.jpg" width="400" /></a><i> </i><br />
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<i>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon<br />
Carl Fr. Bricka<br />
Project Runeberg</i><br />
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<b>Thott, Axel Pedersen,</b> –ab.1446,<i> rigsråd</i>, was a son of<i> væbner</i> Peder Axelsen of Herlev in Gers<i> herred </i>and Juliane Pedersdatter Grubbe and is mentioned as a<i> væbner</i> maybe in 1390, but anyway in 1394; he probably became a<i> Ridder</i> (knight) at Erik af Pommern's coronation in 1397. He is already mentioned in queen Margrethe's rule in public business and was probably already then a member of the<i> rigsråd</i> (state council); he played however a more important role in Erik of Pommern's sole rule. He was in 1417 among the men, who had to judge between the king and Roskilde bishopric about the rights of Copenhagen, and was in 1423 at king Sigismund on the occassion of the feud about Schleswig, and the next year he was in Flensborg as one of king Erik's attorneys in the same affair. In 1428 he is mentioned as the navy chief during the war with the Hanseatics and took following part several times in negotiations in this as well as with the Swedes after the rebellion of Engelbrecht, which furthermore had affected him in another way.<br />
<br />
A. P. had latest in 1410 got Lunde bishopric's castle Elleholm as a pawn, which was redeemed from him a long time after. Among royal vasalries he had in 1414 Helsingborg, in 1415 Varberg and in 1419 besides the latest mentioned castle also Falkenberg, Skanør and Falsterbo. It seems that he had Skanør and Falsterbo already in 1416; but his name is especially connected to Varberg, since he kept this vasalry until his death. In 1434 Engelbrecth attacked Halland, and the villagers of Nørrehalland assisted him, so A. P. had to make an agreement with him. Engelbrecht then had to govern the vasalry and collect the taxes, but pay the half of it to A.P, who later punished the citizens of Ny Varberg, since they had deserted the king - but he had in Engelbrecht's second rebellion in 1346 to see the Swedes in his vasalry once more. <br />
<br />
When the Danish <i>rigsråds</i> in 1439 had given notice to terminate allegiance to Erik af Pommern, A.P. kept on for some time to support the dethroned king, who had shown him his favour in many ways; thus he had given him a manor in Malmø; not until in 1441 A.P gave up his servance to the king, if he was not rescued at Varberg before Midsummer's Day .It seems that A. P. already in October 1440 was on friendly terms with the new king, who calls him his<i> råd</i> (councillor); and he did not keep the due date he had made himself with king Erik: In January 1441 he let king Christoffer give him the vasalry Varberg and two <i>herreds</i> (districts), which had been connected to Falkenberg, plus Gers herred and Væ herred. He obviously did not wish to bring a large sacrifice to the case of the dethroned king, and he was now king Christoffer's trusted man at Varberg in the following years, until he in the period between 24 November 1446 and 25 January 1447 died at an advanced age.<br />
<br />
He had inherited Herlev from his father; in 1413 he was pawned with the main farm Grubbe-Ordrup in Voldborg herred and bought later various parts of it, but had to fight long feuds about it with others, who claimed it too. He was also pawned with Vallø. A. P. became in 2 marriages father of the 9 «Axelssønner», of whom several played an important role in the history of the North. With his first wife, a daughter of Axel Kjeldsen Krognos and Catharina Eriksdatter Puke, he had the sons Peder, Oluf, Aage and Kjeld. With his second wife, Ingeborg, who was a daughter of the Swedish Ivar Nilsson and Margrethe Thordsdatter Bonde, whom he married in 1418, he had the sons Erik, Iver, Anders, Philippus and Laurens; she died in the period 1458-66. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Danmarks Adels Aarbog 1900, S. 416 ff. </span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">P. v. Möller, Bidrag t. Hallands hist. I, 101 ff. </span><br />
<i style="font-style: italic;">William Christensen.</i><b><br />
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Thott, Aage Axelsen,</b> –1477, <i>rigsråd</i>, son of Axel Pedersen T. and his first wife, is mentioned as a grown man in 1421. Later he is described as "of Hjuleberg», a main farm in Halland, which came to the family via his mother. He was <i>høvedsmand</i> (chief) at Falkenberg maybe 1426, but anyway in 1433 and likewise the following year, where he under Engelbrecht's attack on Halland fought back an atttack from one of E.'s under-chiefs, but since he dared not await a new storm, he sailed away after having set fire to the castle. It is doubtful however, if he owned the vasalry himself or was just governing it as the king's bailiff. A.A probably hesitated just as long as his father to acknowledge Christoffer of Bavaria, and the reason might be that he was not accoladed until 1449, probably at the coronation of Christian I. His father had in 1441 achieved a promise from king Christoffer that one of his sons could keep Varberg in 6 years after his death, and according to this the sons arranged in 1447 that the brothers A. and Iver were to manage the vasalry. It is not known whether Iver took part in the government of the vasalry, but A. was mentioned several times as vasal at Varberg, which he was pawned with; likewise he and his wife had in 1450 a pawn letter for life of Årstad and Halmstad <i>herreds</i>, which he already then had in custody.<br />
<br />
A. A. had become<i> rigsråd </i>already before 1448; but it is especially after this year he is mentioned in public affairs. He is seen in the relation to the other Nordic kingdoms, thus he was in 1449 twice in Norway to work for the election of Christian I, in 1450 he took part in the Halmstad-meeting and was the same year with the king in Norway on his coronation-tour; likewise he took part in meetings with the Swedes in Rønneby in 1453 and maybe 1454 and in Vadstena in 1455. In 1462 he was together with his brothers Oluf and Erik involved in a feud about Øsel bishopric and supported with an army one of the candidates of the bishopric. In 1466 he was again at a meeting with the Swedes in Jønkøbing, but the same year a meeting took place in Nykøping, which became of great importance for the relation between Christan I and the Axel-sons.<br />
<br />
A. A. had for a long period bought property in both Sweden and Denmark, his wife Merete was Swedish, a daughter of Bengt Uddson of the so-called Vinstorpa-family; one of his daughters had already in 1455 married the Swedish <i>marsk</i> Thord Carlsson Bonde,who was killed the year after, and another daughter, Ingeborg was (probably shortly after the Nykøping-meeting) engaged to the later famous Sten Sture the Elder. A. A. himself was after the Nykøping-meeting under suspicion of the king, who seemingly had tried to have him ousted by favouring the accuses from the inhabitants of his vasalries. However it seemed to be a failed attempt, and A.A. got an honourable testimonial from his villagers about his rule, and in February 1467 the king endowed for life his wife with Hammergård and Hammerø south of Kongsbakke. A.A. was probably at that point still the owner of his vasalries and is mentioned in February 1467 as the <i>høvedsmand</i> (chief) of Varberg, but in May the same year he obviously did not own Varberg anymore, and it is not known, why he lost this vasalry. It seems that he kept Årstad and Halmstad herred, and he could still reside at Hjuleberg, like he in May 1469 was present at a meeting in Copenhagen; but he mentions already in January 1468 that some of his estate have been confiscated, like his position obviously had become rather difficult. At last was Hjuleberg in 1469 destroyed by the king, and in the same year all A.A.'s estate was taken by the Crown. A.A. then went to Sweden, he is found in Stockholm in 1470 and in Finland in 1472.<br />
<br />
At the <i>Fredsmødet</i> (peace-meeting) in Kalmar in 1442 he had however, like many others, been given back his estate, and as for his vasalries, it was decided that he for the time being should have Halmstad and Årstad <i>herred</i> and Falkenberg town as pawns again, until a verdict was made, whether they belonged to him or the king, likewise it had to be judged who had the rights of Varberg. At the Kalmar-meeting in 1473 the Danish delegates promised to get Varberg back to A.A. until the verdict was made; he probably declared that he could not separate himself from his brothers and brother-children, but he achieved a letter of Varberg vasalry the same year. And since the verdict had still not been made, A.A. kept the vasalries until his death , like he in his last years again is mentioned as a <i>rigsråd</i>. He died in 1477, probably in May, and before 2. July; his wife and his co-heirs kept Årstad and Halmstad <i>herred</i> as pawns, while the king in 1477 redeemed Varberg from the heirs. Fru Merete lived still in 1479 , but was dead 12 October 1481.<br />
<br />
Like A.A. obviously held more on to Erik af Pommern than his brother Oluf, he also showed ab. 1470 greater loyalty to Christian I than his younger half-brothers. Although there are some dark points in those years, it is clear that he was the most Danish among the Axel-sons who lived after 1464, and he avoided probably as long as possible to break with the king. He also showed himself in a positive light as a ruler of his vasalries, and the inhabitants praised him repeatedly in his relations to them.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Danmarks Adels Aarbog 1900, S. 420 f.; 1901, S. 566. </span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">P. v. Möller, Bidrag t. Hallands hist. I, 141 ff. </span><br />
<i style="font-style: italic;">William Christensen.</i><br />
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<b>Thott, Erik Axelsen,</b> –1481,Swedish<i> rigsforstander</i>, (vice-regent) was a son of the above mentioned Axel Pedersen T. and Ingeborg Ivarsdatter. He resided already in his younger years in Sweden and is mentioned in 1441 as a <i>ridder</i> and as the servant of the <i>marsk</i> Carl Knutsson. In 1444 he is written of Lagnø in Sødermanland, which he had got via his first wife, a daughter of Matts Ødglislesson Lilja, in 1447 he was a <i>herredshøvding</i> (chief of a district) in Lysings <i>herred</i> (district) in Østergøtland and after Carl Knutssons accession to the throne he was<i> rigsråd</i>. In 1450 he took part as a Swedish delegate in the Halmstad-meeting, which held some unfavourable conditions for king Carl, but the same year he was one of the judges of Magnus Gren, whose successor he became as a vasal at Åbo, although he did not keep the vasalry for long - on the contrary he is mentioned as a vasal at Nykøping 1451-66. In 1453 he once again took part in judging some of Christian I's Swedish supporters, but when the Uppsala-bishop Jøns Bengtsson rebelled against king Carl in the beginning of 1457, the king did not trust E.A. more than putting him in prison at Nykøbing. Soon after he was free again, and when king Carl had left by ship, archbishop Jøns and E.A. were together elected <i>rigsforstandere</i> in March 1457. <br />
<br />
Not long after was Christian I accepted king in Sweden, E.A. who had gone to Finland to work for Christian's accept there, still called himself<i> rigsforstander</i> a short time after Christian in June 1457 was elected king, but thereafter he had to be content with the office as <i>hofmester</i> (master of court) in Sweden ( a position he has from 1457 and still in 1466); likewise he was rewarded with Viborg vasalry by the king, which he kept from 1457 until his death in 1463. When Christian disagreed with archbishop Jøns Bengtsson and sent him to prison, E.A. was several times among those, who acknowledged this step, and also after bishop Kettil Carlsson's rebellion and king Carl's return in 1464 he stayed for a period on Christian I's side. When Christian then reconciled with archbishop Jøns and bishop Kettil, E.A. fought at New Year's time 1465 together with those against king Carl and forced him to give up his rule in January 1465, whereafter he accompanied the dethroned king to Finland, where the king had been given several vasalries.<br />
<br />
But E.A soon disagreed with the archbishop, who now (for a period together with bishop Kettil) ruled Sweden as a<i> rigsforstander</i> without wanting to share his power with E.A. like in 1457, and E.A. came closer to his brother Iver in the Swedish <i>Selvstændighedsparti </i>(Indenpendent-party). E.A. had since 1456 been married to Eline, a daughter of Gustav Algotsson Sture, she was a cousin of Sten Sture the Elder's father and a widow after Carl Knutsson's halfbrother Knut Stensson Bjelke, who died in 1451. In the autumn of 1466 was held a Union-meeting in Nykøping, where Iver Axelsen took part as the king's representative; but he married however Carl Knutsson's daughter Magdalena, and the present Swedish <i>rigsråds</i>, among those E.A. decided that Carl Knutsson should get back his estate; those who had bought this estate from Christian I, were referred to seek compensation from the king. A decision like that of course made Christian I furious, and it did not get better, when the Swedish participants from Nykøping went to Stockholm and forced the archbishop to give up his <i>rigsforstanderskab</i> ( rule) and transfer Stockholm castle to E.A., who now became <i>rigsforstander</i> and was considered this on 18 October. <br />
<br />
When Christian I after this confiscated the late Philippus Axelsen's pawn-vasalry Tranekær, the final break came between the king and hr. Philippus' left full brothers, of whom E.A. and Iver sent the king termination- letters. E.A. did not find a full acknowledgement in Sweden, which was ravaged by tough party-fights. <br />
In the summer of 1467 he was also under siege in Stockholm, partly by Danish troops under the lead of Claus Rønnov and archbishop Jøns Bengtsson and partly by the archbishop's Swedish friends. But Iver Axelsen came to his brother's assistance from Gulland; so the siege was given up and the Danes had to sail back again, and Carl Knutsson was then in 1467 called back and became king for the third time, while E.A. gave up the rule as <i>rigsforstander</i> and withdrew to Finland, where he was a vasal not only at Viborg but also - in 1466 and 1468 - at Åbo. His estate in Denmark was together with his full brothers' estate passed by judgment to Christian I - the exact date is not known - and he is in the following period still mentioned as an opponent of Christian I. He gave Sten Sture a good support in his first time as <i>rigsforstander</i>, and he took part as a Swedish delegate in the agreement-meetings in Kalmar in 1472 and 1474. But in his later years he stayed especially in Finland, where he was <i>høvedsmand</i> (chief) at the important border-castle Viborg, and he played an important role at Tavastehus, like in the Swedish relations to the Order in Lifland and to the Russians; as a defense against the Russians he established St. Olofsborg, later called Nyslott. He died at Viborg 1481, latest 28. March, after having transferred the castle-laws of Viborg. Tavastehus and St. Olofsborg to his brothers Iver and Laurens. His second wife still lived in 1493, but was dead in 1496.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Styffe, Bidrag t. Skandinaviens hist. III-IV.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">P. v. Möller, Bidrag t. Hallands hist. I, 116 ff. </span><br />
<i>William Christensen.</i><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span><br />
<br />
<b>Thott, Iver Axelsen,</b> –1487, Danish and later Swedish <i>rigsraad</i>, was a full brother of the above mentioned Erik Axelsen T. He might have been a <i>væbner</i> in 1442, but was mentioned in 144 as a <i>ridder</i> and of Knabstrup (in Merløse herred), a manor he probably got via his wife Margrethe Poulsdatter Laxmand. In 1447 the Axel-sons arranged that I. and the elder half brother Aage should manage their later father's vasalry in Varberg together; but it is not known, if this arrangement came to be for I.'s part. He was a Danish<i> rigsråd</i> from 1449, where he in 1453 together with Claus Rønnov made an agreement with Carl Knutsson in Vadstena and in Stockholm, like he in 1454 got the authority to take part in a new meeting with the Swedes in Rønneby and in 1455 negotiated with them in Vadstena. In 1452 he had an unfortunate contact with the Swedes during king Carl's attack into Skåne, since his manor in Herlev (inherited from his father) was burnt down by them; according to a later story he showed his patriotism by, for the time being, reconciling with archbishop Tuve Nielsen of Lund (with whom he had had a feud) in order to defend the country against the enemy together with the archbishop. The story might be unreliable and does not fit well with I.A.'s behaviour later on, when he put his own and his family's interests above those of his mother country.<br />
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In 1464 the brother Philippus Axelsen died, he had been the successor of the elder half brother Oluf<br />
as the governor of Gulland, and hr. I. who the same year had taken part in a Danish delegation to Preussia, took over Gulland, (temporarily as king Christian's man), which had been Oluf's pawn. What made I.A. begin to get closer to the Swedish <i>Selvstændighedsparti </i>(Independent-party) is not known; but he started on a line which might open great possibiliteis for him in Sweden, but at the same time brought his position in Denmark at risc; he was not like his brother Erik discontent because he did not achieve a new important position in Sweden, since he never had one before. But it is certain that a papal dispensation was made for I.A. in October 1465 - (who was now a widower, not only after Margrethe Laxmand, but also after a later wife, Marine, a daughter of Torbern Bille) - when he married his relative king Carl Knutsson's daughter Magdalene. In the following autumn at the Union-meeting in Nykøping, where I.A. took part as a Danish delegate, the wedding took place, and at the same time I.'s daughter Beate married the then supporter of the Swedish <i>selvstændighedsparti, </i>Arvid Trolle. At this point was also made the decision with the Swedes - partly caused by I.A. - about Carl Knutsson's estate, and the following insertion of Erik Axelsen as a <i>rigsforstander</i>, both events must have awoken Christian I's fury against the Axel-sons.<br />
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Possibly because of that the king took Tranekær from Philippus' heirs; but this caused again that Erik and I.A. sent the king their letters of notice. Hr. I., who was now an independent ruler at Gulland for 20 years, assisted Erik in Stockholm in the summer 1467, but possibly were both theirs as well as the third brother Lauren's estate in Denmark judged to the crown. From properties I.A. had besides Herlev, Lillø also in Gers<i> herred</i> and vasalries Sølvitsborg and Gers and Villands <i>herred </i>and Væ by, all pawned to him. The king now put a siege on Sølvitsborg and Lillø, and in September the crew at Sølvitsborg had to give up the castle. Lillø stood firm in the winter 1467-68, and I.A. succeeded in 1468 in rescueing the farm, but at the Lent the same year the king became master of Lillø, which he let demolish. The attempts, which were made in order to get an agreement between the king and hr. I (at meetings in Halmstad in 1468 and in Lübeck in 1469) did not succeed. <br />
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They had a meeting in March 1468 in Sweden( in Ørebro), where the present<i> rigsråds</i> promised that when king Carl died they would have his son-in-law I.A. (who probably was Swedish<i> rigsråd</i> already) for their authorized <i>høvedsmand</i> (chief), until the whole<i> rigsråd</i> was assembled and could agree about a new regent. In October 1469, when Carl Knutsson's Swedish opponents again raised, I.A.'s wife Magdalena and son-in-law Arvid Trolle and more were taken prisoners in Vadstena by Erik Carlsson Vasa, but the imprisonment probably did not last for long. Carl Knutsson died the following year; upon his deathbed he had given Sten Sture the management of the kingdom without considering the promise, which had been given to I.A. 2 years before. For the time being there was no enmity between I.A. and Sten Sture, of whom the first mentioned gradually had got several Swedish vasalries, like Stäkeborg. Gulland was not dependent of Sweden, the Hanseatics complained about the piracy from the Gullanders, and Carl Knutsson had before his death replied that he had no power of this island, which I.A. kept for Christian I's hand, until he was paid what king Christian owed him and his brothers' children, and then he would give the island to the Danish king.<br />
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At the <i>Fredsmødet (</i>Peace-meeting) in Kalmar 1472 between Denmark and Sweden it was among other things decided that I.A. temporarily should have Gers <i>herred,</i> Væ and Villands <i>herred </i>back, until it could be judged, if those vasalries belonged to him or the king, and a similar judgement had to be done about Sølvitsborg, but I. should however not have this vasalry before a decision of the judgement was made. I.A. was present as a Swedish attorney on the following Kalmar-meetings in 1473, 1474 and 1476, but in spite of the repeated promises from the Danes in 1473 and 1474 it is obvious that the judgment, which was planned in 1472, was never made. In 1476 I.A. declared to king Christian himself that he until now had kept Visborg to the hands of the king and Denmark's crown and also wished to continue this in the future, a declaration which did not have any practical importance for the time being.<br />
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I.A. had reason for keeping a good relation to Denmark since he gradually had got enemies in many places. Like his brother Erik he had intervened in the affairs of the Lifland Order, but this was of little importance, since the Swedish government did the same shortly after. The fury of the Hanseatics were awoken by him already in the late ruling period of Carl Knutsson, since the people he sent from Gulland made the shipping riscy. This had not improved since then, and for a time his piracy especially hit the Dutch, but this was of little importance as long I.A.was on good terms with Sten Sture. But I.A.'s brother Erik died in 1481 after having transferred the laws of the castle from his large Finnish vasalries to the brothers I. and Laurens. Sten Sture was probably very discontent with a power expand like this for I.A. and his brother - he made an attempt to get the vasalries back to the Crown, and the negotiations led finally in 1483 after Lauren's death to an agreement between I.A. and Sten Sture, where the first gave Erik Axelsen's Finnish vasalries (Viborg, Tavastehus and St.Olofsborg) to Sten Sture and in return got Borgholm at Øland for life - and likewise Raseborg vasalry, which Laurens Axelsen had had himself, and which his children now was given the right to keep for some years after I.A.'s death.<br />
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A couple of months later I.A. was as a Swedish delegate present at the Union-meeting in Kalmar; where the Kalmar Recess was adopted, like he in 1482 and 1484 took part in meetings between Danes and Swedes in the same city. But in 1484 I.A. tried at a meeting in Stockholm to have Sten Sture ousted as <i>rigsforstander</i> and his son-in-law Arvid Trolle appointed instead. His piracy however still caused some discontent among seafarers, who complained to the Swedish government; and since the high-handed way in which I.A. ruled his Swedish vasalries also awoke the anger of Sten Sture, and an attempt to solve the feud in a peaceful way did not succeed, since I.A. did not want to attend the negotations with the <i>rigsforstander</i>, then Sten Sture finally in 1487 started a siege of Borgholm, where his opponent resided, like he at the same time put a close on Stäkeborg and Raseborg.<br />
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When I.A. for so song could stay in his independence at Gulland, it was naturally because neither Denmark nor Sweden dared use the utmost precautions against him in the fear of that he thereby would join the other country completely and bring it the important advantage, which the supremacy of the important Baltic Sea would give. Sten Sture had however begun an attack, and it soon showed how uncertain I.A.'s position was under these circumstances. Not long after the beginning of the siege of Borgholm, he succeeded in February 1487 at night to escape to Visby in a boat and left his wife at Borgholm, but since he doubted if he alone could fight Sten Sture, he went to king Hans and promised him Gulland. A Danish fleet now went to Gulland, and the castle and the island came into the hands of the king without difficulties, in June king Hans was paid tribute in Visby by the inhabitants, and I.A. swore an oath of allegiance and was forgiven again. The crew at Stäkeborg had probably in May given up the castle to Sten Sture, and also Raseborg gave in, and after Visborg's surrender king Hans had an agreement with Sten Sture who promised to work for him , while the king in return promised that I.A. had to give Sten Sture Øland and Borgholm. I.A. tried to avoid this commitment, but the king forced him to fullfil it, and I.A. took with his wife Magdalene (who had stayed at Borgholm until the surrender) up residence at Lillø.<br />
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He was now a defeated man, he had lost his independent position at Gulland, where king Hans had placed another vasal, he had also lost his Swedish vasalries, and if he got back his earlier Danish pawn-vasalries is not known, there was no mentioning about him being a member of the Danish <i>rigsråd</i> again. He did not survive his defeat for long: He died 1 october 1487, and 8 years later in 1495 (ab. 24 August) his wife followed him to the grave. The special position he had for about 20 years as an independent prince at Gulland is a witness about that he was highly gifted, but his power depended first of all on the contrast between Denmark and Sweden; it had no natural basis, which is obvious by how fast it was broken in 1487.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Styffe, Bidrag t. Skandinaviens hist. III-IV.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">P. v. Möller, Bidrag t. Hallands hist. I, 127 ff. </span> <i style="font-style: italic;">William Christensen.</i><br />
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</b><br />
<b>Thott, Laurens Axelsen,</b> –1483, Danish and later Swedish <i>rigsråd</i>, he was son of (afak the youngest surviving) of above mentioned Axel Pedersen T. and his 2 wife. In 1447 after his father's death he was still under age, but is mentioned in 1459 as a<i> ridder</i>. He had in 1462 pawned Grubbe-Ordrup in Voldborg <i>herred</i> from his brother Philippus and became (date not known) the owner of Næsbygård, the present Næsbyholm in Tybjerg herred; in 1465 he is mentioned as a vasal at Stege and the same year a single time as <i>rigsråd</i>. In July 1466 he was present at a thing in Copenhagen, but when the Nykøping-meeting in autumn the same year meant a break between Christian I and some of the Axel-sons, L.A. shared fate with his brothers Erik and Iver. He took up residence in Sweden, while his Danish estate went to the Crown, and he lost among others his pawn Skelskør town. In the Kalmar-meeting in 1472 it was decided that all, who had lost their estate in the kingdoms should get it back again, except the royal estate they had pawned - L.A. should get back Skelskør, until at judgement from the <i>rigsråds</i> of 3 kingdoms had decided, to whom the town belonged. These decisions, which was repeated in 1474, meant that Næsbygård later was inherited by L.A.'s children, but it did not mean that he returned to Denmark. He especially resided in Finland, where he 1468 became vasal at Raseborg, but he is also mentioned as a member of the Swedish rigsråd. His brother Erik had shortly before his death (1481) transferred the castle-laws of his Finnish vasalries Viborg, Tavastehus and St. Olofsborg to Iver and L.A., and Sten Sture's attempt to get hold of these vasalries did not succeed, while L.A., who was now mentioned as <i>høvedsmand</i> at Viborg, was alive. He died in 1483 (between 1. February and 20 June.) <br />
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In Sweden had L.A. from his brother Erik transferred the farm Åsta in Sødermanland. He was married twice, first to the Danish-born Karen Jonsdatter Viffert, who drowned in 1468 at Raseborg and then to Catarina, who was a daughter of the Swedish Erik Nipertz and a widow after Erik Nilsson (Oxenstjerna).She outlived L.A. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Danmarks Adels Aarbog 1900, S. 429 f.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Styffe, Bidrag t. Skandinaviens hist. III-IV.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">P. v. Möller, Bidrag t. Hallands hist. I, 139 f.</span><br />
<i>William Christensen.</i><br />
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<b>Thott, Oluf Axelsen,</b> –1464, <i>marsk</i>, was a son of the above mentioned Axel Pedersen T. and his first wife and was in 1414 matriculated at Leipzig University. In 1419 hr. Henning Podebusk promised to lay out one half of Vallø with adjoining estate to him, while hr. Henning at the same time pawned the other half to his father (which Axel Pedersen later transferred to O. A.), and O. A. was already then married or engaged to Karen, a daughter of the former owner of Vallø, hr. Jens Eskilsen Falk, and a sister of Henning Podebusk's wife. O. A. was among those, who co-sealed the king's letter to the Swedes in Stockholm in 1434, and is mentioned the following year as a rigsråd. In the last ruling period of Erik af Pommern however, arose obviously a strong tension between O. A. and the king. In 1439 the king says that the <i>rigsråd</i> should have granted safe passage from O. A., but they had not done this, and the king did not consider himself safe on life and estate; later stories mention how O. A. once, when he met the king's mistress Cecilie, had beaten her and told her in frank words that she once would separate the king from Denmark.<br />
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O A. is also, contrarily to his father, among the <i>rigsråds,</i> who in 1438 addressed Christoffer of Bavaria, and he was one of the issuers of the termination-letter in 1439. And he achieved quickly considerable favours during the new government. He was probably knighted at king Christoffer's coronation in Sweden in 1441. In 1442 he is a vasal at Vordingborg, and became vasal in Christoffer of Bavaria's rule at Ålholm, a position, he still had in September 1448. And in 1443 he was a marsk and kept this office until after the king's death, although another owner of the office is mentioned in 1449. O. A. was among those, who king Christoffer in his will inserted as one of his executors, and a German chronicle - -which holds an unreliable tale that O.A. during the king-less period, when no one would give queen Dorothea access to any castle in the kingdom , had taken care of her and given her residence - - adds that " he rode with 300 horses in the country, because he was a Marsk."<br />
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In 1448 the new Swedish king, Carl Knutsson, did a raid on Gulland. But king Erik at Visborg took connection to Christian I, and soon after Easter 1449 king Erik's former enemy O. A. arrived with several Danish ships to the island; he could not force his way into Visby Harbour, which was blocked by the Swedes, but came via a secret access in connection with the castle, which now got a Danish crew, while king Erik sailed away. In the middle of July 1449 O. A., who at this point calls himself <i>høvedsmand</i> (chief) at Visborg, made an agreement with the Swedish<i> høvedsmand</i> at Gulland, Magnus Gren of that each part could keep what they had, until a judgment was made by Danish and Swedish<i> rigsråds</i>, if the island belonged to Denmark or Sweden. Soon after Christian I arrived with the Danish main force, and although O.A. maybe told the Swedes that he would let himself be killed in front of the king, before this should break the agreeement, the Danish yet tried to attack Visby to gain the power. This attempt did possibly not succeed, but there was still made a new agreement, according to which the question - as earlier decided - should be done by a judgment, but until then the Danish must rule the whole island, and the Swedes had to leave it at once. This judgment was never made however, and the Danes were now again in the possession of Gulland. To reach this goal it seems that neither Christian I or O.A. were very particular, but the case might look different, if there was a full report from the Danish side. <br />
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O. A. was until his death vasal at Gulland, which he got as a pawn (date not known), and as a consequence of the island's situation in the middle of the Baltic he played an important role in Denmark's relation with Sweden, and almost more with the Hanseatics. Already in the end of 1451 he harrassed the Swedish coasts, and in 1452 he was together with Magnus Gren the leader of a Danish fleet, which made an unsuccessfull attack on Stockholm and the eastern Sweden, and in 1457, after the rebellion of archbishop Jøns Bengtsson, he arrived with a fleet to Stockholm long before Christian I. himself. In his position as a vasal at Gulland not only his conduct towards the shipwrecked people called for discontent by the Hanseatics, it was the same enmity he achieved, since he always tried to prevent all trade with Sweden, so the Swedish kingdom was soon in a hostile relation to Denmark. The agreement between Christian I and the Hanseatics in Flensborg in 1455 held also a special decision that the king had to make O.A. stop his piracy; but since the Hanseatics at the same time, according to the king, promised to stop all trade with Sweden and Preussia, it is not a surprise that O.A. and other Danish magnates are seen with several ships at Estonia's coast to prevent this trade. Years later, in 1462, he took part together with his brothers Aage and Erik, in a feud about Øsel <i>stift</i> (district) when with an armed force he assisted one of the candidates of the bishopric.<br />
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Besides Gulland O. A. had at his death also Stevns and Bjeverskov <i>herred</i> as a pawn. His most important property was Vallø, to which he is still written in his last years, but he had already in the estate given up his right of the manor Hjuleberg to his brother Aage. In 1451 he got as a pawn Skullerupholm in Voldborg <i>herred</i> from Steen Basse's widow, fru Eline Johansdatter Bjørn, whose guardian he was, like he also got Lykkesholm in Vinding<i> herred</i> transferred from her; but he was in a feud with others about these two estates and had to give up some of it.<br />
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O. A. died at Gulland 16. Sept. 1464. With his first wife, the above mentioned Karen Jensdatter Falk, he had a daughter Birgitte. Of fru Karen's relation to O. A. is told in family books that "he did not like her ways", and after her death he was unmarried for 22 years, which is probbaly not true; he was married in 1430 to Johanne Nielsdatter Brock of Vemmetofte, who probably lived in 1445, but was dead in 1456. After her he married Anne Jensdatter Present, who at her husband's death took over the rule of Gulland together with his halfbrother Philippus, but she left the island already the following year. From her and O.A.'s children is the most wellknown the daughter Birgitte, who later married Niels Eriksen Rosenkrantz . Fru Anne Jensdatter lived 1485, but was dead 28. March 1487.<br />
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<span style="font-style: italic;">Danmarks Adels Aarbog 1900, S. 418 f.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">P. v. Möller, Bidrag t. Hallands hist. I, 109 ff. 115. </span><br />
<i>William Christensen.</i><br />
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</b><br />
<b>Thott, Peder Axelsen,</b> –1463, dean of the chapter was a son of above mentioned Axel Pedersen T.and his first mentioned wife. In 1413 he was matriculated at Leipzig- and i winter 1418-19 at Heidelberg-University, and in 1423 he was, while he was a canon in Lund and decan in Linkøping, dean of the chapter in Lund. In 1430 he is mentioned a couple of times as a <i>rigsråd</i>. In 1437, when he studied in Bologna, he caused by making various accuse against the prior in Dalby that the pope himself gave him the prior's office, if the accuse in an investigation showed to be the truth. A legal investigation was not carried through however, but P. A. took the office anyway, and although the pope in 1438 re-installed the former prior, P. A.is still seen as «Commender» or prior in Dalby until his death.<br />
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When his conduct at this occassion shows him as a violent and ruthless charcacter, it is confirmed by what else is known about him. He could not get on with anyone of Peder Lykke's successors at Lund archbishopric; archbishop Hans Laxmand complained that P.A. rode with a shield and a sword - and that his servants wore crossbows, and P.A.'s relation to the archbishop Tuve Nielsen was not much better. He seems also to have been on bad terms with other members of the chapter. King Christoffer af Bavaria was once angry with P.A:, but it was a little better in Christian I's rule, although he showed little interest in getting P.A. a bishopric, but he never became a bishop, and it seems that the king's sympathy for him was little. In the 1450s Christian recommended him, but at the same time also another to the pope as the candidate of Nidaros archbishopric, after Henrik Kalteisen's resignation, and when bishop Henneke of Odense died in 1459, P.A. tried to become his successor; he declared himself that he had been rightfully chosen by the chapter and that the king had spoken for him ( which seems to be doubtful) , and in 1461 he considered going to Rome to make the pope vote for him. But it is not certain if this journey took place, the pope had already in 1460 voted in favour of another, Mogens Krafse. P. A. had to be content with the empty title of ret Electus i Odense, like he now in his old days called himself the pompous name archdean of the chapter in Lund, a name, which he probably was the first to use. He did not survive his defeat to Mogens Krafse for long, he died 7. June 1463.<br />
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<span style="font-style: italic;">Danmarks Adels Aarbog 1900, S. 418.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">P. v. Möller</span><span style="font-style: italic;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Bidrag t. Hallands hist. I, 115 f</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span><br />
<i>William Christensen</i><br />
<i style="font-style: italic;"> </i><br />
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<b>Thott, Philippus Axelsen,</b> -1464, <i>rigsråd</i>, was a son of above mentioned Axel Pedersen T. and his second wife and was like the above mentioned brother Laurens under age still in 1447. In 1456 he was at the king's court and got Tranekær at Langeland as a pawn. He was possibly knighted at Christian I's coronation in Sweden 1457. When <i>rigsråd</i> in 1462, he had, caused by a new loan he gave the king, the pawn-sum raised at Tranekær and was promised to keep the vasalry unpaid for 6 years. In August 1464 he was among the Danish commanders who, after Christian I had left Sweden, capitulated at Stockholm; on his way from there he arrived on Gulland together with his brother Erik and several Danish magnates, and when the vasal here, a third brother Oluf, died at the same time ( 16 Sept. 1464) the magnates inserted Ph.A. and hr. Oluf's widow Anne as rulers of the island. But Ph.A died already on 4. November 1464 at Gulland. <br />
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He was (earliest in 1455) married to Ermegård, a daughter of Eggert Frille . When Ph. A. died, Eggert Frille became the guardian of his daughter's children and appeared on their behalf as the manager of Tranekær vasalry, but soon after (latest in May 1467) the king forcefully took the vasalry. The date is not known, but it was after the meeting in Nykøping in 1466. It seems that also Ph.A.'s estate was confiscated, but this was according to the decisions at the Kalmar-meeting in 1472 given back to the heirs. It took a long time though before the question about Tranekær was done, but at last the Crown paid the pawn-sum to Ph.A.'s heirs, of whom fru Ermegård about two years after Ph.'s death had married Bent Torbernsen Bille. She also outlived her second husband, who died in 1494; she died in the time between 13. April 1503 and 23. June 1504. <br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span><span style="font-style: italic;">Danmarks Adels Aarbog 1900, S. 429. </span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">P. v. Möller, Bidrag t. Hallands hist. I, 119 f. 130. 139. </span><br />
<i>William Christensen,</i><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<i>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon<br />
Carl Fr. Bricka<br />
Project Runeberg</i><br />
<br />
<i>translation grethe bachmann </i> <span style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Unicode">©</span></span> <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant: small-caps;">copyright</span><i> </i><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFNyTIVNi7bQEEsn2s92Nn6CExvdAz5WGgd0QdLQf_TFGuWev4tCy4ZNQkAE1q-EKs6IuemICNU0gPXbr9zbhVB3q20wPooFqXYqumJ5Yh2G92LQtTxAEJx7sOQ1fOzY8O_r_x2ZTxbJ_P/s1600-h/stenb%C3%A5ndA.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5403722447760930482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFNyTIVNi7bQEEsn2s92Nn6CExvdAz5WGgd0QdLQf_TFGuWev4tCy4ZNQkAE1q-EKs6IuemICNU0gPXbr9zbhVB3q20wPooFqXYqumJ5Yh2G92LQtTxAEJx7sOQ1fOzY8O_r_x2ZTxbJ_P/s400/stenb%C3%A5ndA.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 78px; width: 400px;" /></a>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-76419037690543667732010-11-24T10:47:00.000-08:002011-09-23T09:22:43.665-07:00Abel, 1219-1252, ~ Mechtild of Holstein --1288.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcuxfxSd13g4cgpSD6GJpvLdxDYWcuI98b4Zum39fWIhnhHQO5hGidNwTsJyWwQ2xIDwzDhzGXG_AvpvZBA-tPjpELYiNFFXppTYJPTj_L6DADoXDajAiCIAChBA8siHMyFQeEFgmleOK2/s1600/Aarhus+domkirke+fresco+22-2002+bjaelke.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="101" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcuxfxSd13g4cgpSD6GJpvLdxDYWcuI98b4Zum39fWIhnhHQO5hGidNwTsJyWwQ2xIDwzDhzGXG_AvpvZBA-tPjpELYiNFFXppTYJPTj_L6DADoXDajAiCIAChBA8siHMyFQeEFgmleOK2/s400/Aarhus+domkirke+fresco+22-2002+bjaelke.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
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<i><b>Abel</b></i>, 1219-52, King, a son of king Valdemar<br />
Sejr and his second wife Berengaria. At his<br />
older brother Erik's election to king he<br />
became in 1232 his successor as hertug of <br />
Sønderjylland, which vasalry he took over<br />
in 1237. At the same time he married, according<br />
to an earlier agreement a daughter of grev Adolf<br />
of Holstein, Mechtild. When grev Adolf shortly <br />
after joined a kloster, he was for some years<br />
a guardian for his underage brothers-in-law.<br />
At his father's death in 1241 he became the <br />
owner of a large part of the royal family's <br />
inheritance, among this everything in the duchy,<br />
and the cities Svendborg, Fåborg, Skelskør and<br />
Rudkøbing. The mixed ownerships caused a<br />
feud between him and the king; but it was not<br />
an open fight, until Erik in 1246 had a break <br />
with the mighty Hvide-family and shortly <br />
after withdrew Svendborg to the royal estate. <br />
In the years 1247-48 there were battles with<br />
varying luck in Nørrejylland, at Funen and<br />
Sønderjylland, until the sister Sophie of<br />
Brandenburg succeeded in mediating peace<br />
between the brothers. When the king's man<br />
Henrik Æmeltorp in Rensborg was attacked by<br />
the Holstein grafs, king Erik visited on his<br />
way to his rescue his brother in Schleswig, <br />
but was treacherously taken prisoner; A.'s men<br />
Tyge Bost and Lage Gudmundsen let him kill and <br />
lowered his body into the Slien (10 August). <br />
After A. had disclaimed the responsibility<br />
for E.'s murder, he was elected king and was<br />
crowned in Roskilde (1 Nov. 1250). King<br />
A. showed he was clever and moderate, and it<br />
seems he was the most intelligent among king<br />
Valdemar's left sons. He tried to help the<br />
cities and promoted the relations abroad,<br />
and by wise concessions he brought down the<br />
unrest.But before the new conditions were<br />
able to consolidate, he died, 33 years old,<br />
a violent death in the fight against the <br />
rebellious Frisians, 29 June 1252. His death<br />
and his successor's interest in weakening the<br />
sons' demand for the throne branded him as <br />
a fratricide. <br />
- His wife Mechtild survived him for many years;<br />
she joined a kloster, but left it again and <br />
married the Swedish jarl Birger, who died shortly<br />
after. She died in 1288.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcuxfxSd13g4cgpSD6GJpvLdxDYWcuI98b4Zum39fWIhnhHQO5hGidNwTsJyWwQ2xIDwzDhzGXG_AvpvZBA-tPjpELYiNFFXppTYJPTj_L6DADoXDajAiCIAChBA8siHMyFQeEFgmleOK2/s1600/Aarhus+domkirke+fresco+22-2002+bjaelke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />
</a></div><i>A. D. Jørgensen. </i><br />
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<i><b>Mechtilde (Mathilde)</b></i>, Dronning, --1288, was a<br />
daughter of Grev Adolf IV of Holstein; she was<br />
probably named after her paternal grandmother.<br />
In 1237 she married Hertug Abel of Jutland,<br />
according to an earlier agreement between Valdemar<br />
Sejr and grev Adolf, and she gave birth to several<br />
sons.This marriage became fatal for Denmark by<br />
drawing Abel towards Holstein; after his father-in-law<br />
had joined a kloster, he was for a period guardian<br />
for his young sons and defended later these<br />
against his brother Erik Plovpenning. After Erik's<br />
death M. was crowned together with Abel in<br />
Roskilde (1. Nov. 1250); but two years later she<br />
had to leave the kingdom, and only with difficulties<br />
she managed to have her firstborn son, Valdemar,<br />
released from prison at the archbishop of Cologne, <br />
but after he had got his paternal duchy transferred<br />
he died in 1257. M. had to fight for her children's<br />
right of inheritance again, she joined archbishop Jacob<br />
Erlandsen ; and she broke the ww pf chastity she had<br />
given after Abels death, and she married in 1261<br />
Birger Jarl in sweden in order to find some<br />
support there too. He died already in<br />
1266, and M.resided since that in Kiel. She<br />
made the base of the Holstein influence in Sønderjylland;<br />
in 1260 she pawned to her brothers the land between<br />
the Eider and Slien, and just before her death (1288) ,<br />
she actually gave away this land, which she claimed to have<br />
inherited from her eldest son. She was therefore very<br />
hated in Denmark, and the Danes claimed that this<br />
"German woman, a daughter of the Devil" had destroyed<br />
the valuable<i> adkomstbreve</i> ( documents of title), which<br />
Valdemar Sejr had got from emperor and pope on the<br />
land north of the Elb.<br />
<br />
<i>Kr. Erslev. </i><br />
<i><br />
</i><br />
<i><br />
</i><br />
<i>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon</i><br />
<i>Project Runeberg</i><br />
<i>1887-1905</i><br />
<br />
<i>translation grethe bachmann </i> <span style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Unicode">©</span></span> <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant: small-caps;">copyright</span><i> </i>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-83143449141546108162010-11-22T05:16:00.000-08:002011-09-23T09:26:09.675-07:00Erik IV Plovpenning, 1216-1250, ~ Jutta of Saxony, --1250--<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKlVi0hu8dF15VXscVwwNcxQHGnIs7-wcUG910BWuJRydVsUHT7DBbCyGdd-UJUKb_H3utXdtBaDjyE395pg_BBacPra4pMdV8RTQr4RcyXlp5CV3v49rwL2vZp2UvQ0Jp6BXat0eLFQi4/s1600/Esrum+kloster+DSC_7944+bjaelke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKlVi0hu8dF15VXscVwwNcxQHGnIs7-wcUG910BWuJRydVsUHT7DBbCyGdd-UJUKb_H3utXdtBaDjyE395pg_BBacPra4pMdV8RTQr4RcyXlp5CV3v49rwL2vZp2UvQ0Jp6BXat0eLFQi4/s400/Esrum+kloster+DSC_7944+bjaelke.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
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<br />
Erik Plovpenning, 1216-50, king <br />
was Valdemar Sejrs and Berengarias firstborn son,<br />
who soon after his birth in 1216 was appointed<br />
hertug (duke) i Jylland. He replaced in 1226<br />
his halfbrother Valdemar as a prisoner in<br />
Schwerin and was released 1230. After his brother's<br />
death he was crowned king in Lund by archbishop<br />
Uffe on Whit Sunday (30. May) 1232. E. was said<br />
to have studied in Paris and he was here aquainted<br />
with the later pope Innocents IV. When pope Gregor <br />
IX started a parti in Germany against emperor <br />
Frederik II and tried ti have him ousted, E. was <br />
offered the throne (1239) but he refused. it seems<br />
was active by his father's side in the government <br />
of the country. He married 9. October 1239 Judith <br />
or Jutta, a daughter of hertug Albrect I af Saxony.<br />
While E. was said in his younger years to be very<br />
fond of the joys of life, he was later serious and <br />
pious. One of the first letters, he issued after<br />
his accession to the throne - at his father's death<br />
28. March 1241 --, holds a declaration that he<br />
want to die dressed in the dress of the Fransiscans<br />
and to be buried in their Kloster in Roskilde. <br />
Besides his winning attitude and his energy he<br />
was also very belligerent and during his government<br />
Denmark was in an eternal state of unrest. <br />
<br />
His brother Abel was hertug in Sønderjylland, but<br />
he considered this land more like inheritance than a<br />
royal vasalry; in his marriage to the Holstein<br />
princess Mechtild, and in the guardianship of his<br />
underage brothers-in-law, which he took, his<br />
position became dangerous, and E., who hoped to<br />
regain his father's power over Holstein, was ready to<br />
fight. When the war broke out 1242, lasting for 2 years,<br />
a ceasefire happened, but 1246 the fight was renewed,<br />
and Abel, who had attracted his brother Christoffer<br />
to join his party, and who was assisted by Germany,<br />
harrassed in Jutland and at Funen, burnt down <br />
Odense and conquered Ribe. E. reconquered this<br />
town and his German allies fell into Holstein and <br />
conquered Oldeslo. E. occupied now all his brothers'<br />
castles and estates and took Christoffer and his<br />
halfbrother hertug Knud prisoner. Moved by this sad<br />
feud E.s sister, margrafin Sophie of Brandenburg had<br />
already in autumn 1247 went up to mediate between<br />
the brothers; she died on her travel in childbirth<br />
without seeing any peaceful solutions.<br />
<br />
E.s was during these years also threatened,<br />
because he had a feud with bishop<br />
Niels Stigsen of Roskilde, i.e. about the ownership of<br />
Copenhagen, which brought the bishop to leave the<br />
country 1245. E.s relation to the clergy, which made<br />
complaints about injustice of the Crown, was very<br />
tense, and the feud with the bishop also showed a<br />
beginning break with the mighty Hvide-family,<br />
which he was a member of. Finally the king had to<br />
see the Lübecks join his enemies and plunder the<br />
Danish coasts; they captured and burnt Copenhagen.<br />
In the year 1249 there was a pause of the war, and<br />
the king tried to organize the Estland-expedition, he<br />
had been preparing for long. Already in the re-start <br />
of the bishopric in Reval in king Valdemar's last<br />
years had E. been active, and a fight against the<br />
heathens inside this country and at the borders<br />
were always on his mind. On this occassion E. let<br />
impose a tax of every plough, which caused a<br />
rebellion from the peasants in Skåne. E. was<br />
driven out of Lund and Helsingborg and had to<br />
go to Sjælland, but returned a few days later, and<br />
a peace and agreement were achieved (1249). <br />
This tax caused that the king got the byname <br />
Plovpenning. The expediton was carried out,<br />
but the historian Arild Huitfeldt says that a battle was<br />
never fought with the heathens. <br />
<br />
<br />
In 1250 E suddenly attacked Sønderjylland and<br />
conquered Schleswig; he was not lucky in a fight<br />
against the Frisians, but Abel had to<br />
surrender. 20 noblemen swor the agreed peace <br />
on behalf of the duke and promised to leave him, if<br />
he was not true to the king. In a dispute with E.<br />
Abel showed that his grudge was stronger than ever,<br />
and that he remembered how his daughter, caused by<br />
E.'s attack "had barefooted to seek shelter <br />
among poor women". He let E. take prisoner<br />
by his kammermester Tyge Bost; maybe Abel did<br />
not order to kill his brother, but his men knew<br />
how to obey his wishes. E. was brought with shackles <br />
on hand and foot down to a boat on the Slien, another<br />
boat came near, where the king's worst enemy Lage<br />
Gudmundsen was. E. saw that death was near, and<br />
asked to be allowed to confess to a priest.They allowed<br />
this and fetched a priest, to whom the king confessed<br />
humbly, then they decapitated him with a sword.<br />
It happened in the night of the10th August 1250. The<br />
body was lowered into the fjord, but some fishermen found<br />
it the next day and brought it to Schleswig, where the<br />
Black Friars buried it in their church; later the body was<br />
moved to St. Hans Nunnery in Schleswig and found at<br />
last its place in Ringsted Kirke. E.s murderers were<br />
soon after killed in various pitiful ways, and when rumours<br />
were spread about miracles by the grave, people began<br />
regarding the murdered king as a saint. E. was never<br />
adopted among the saints of the church, but he was<br />
honoured as a saint by the people, and various<i> Gilder</i><br />
(Unions) chose him as a patron.<br />
<br />
Queen Jutta gave birth to 2 sons, who died young, and<br />
4 daughters: Sophie, married to king Valdemar of Sweden,<br />
Ingeborg, married to king Magnus Lagabøter of Norway,<br />
Jutta and Agnes, who joined a nummery, but later left it.<br />
The queen later married Burchard VIII, Borggreve of<br />
Rosenburg by Harzen.<br />
<br />
<i>Suhm, Hist. af Danmark X.</i><br />
<i>Hist Tidsskr. 6. R. II, 359 ff.</i><br />
<br />
<pre><i><i>Johannes C. H. R. Steenstrup.</i></i></pre><pre><i><i> </i></i></pre><pre><b>Jutta,</b> --1250--, queen,
was a daughter of the Saxon hertug Albrecht(+1260)
of the Askanian House in his 1. marriage to a
daughter of an Austrian duke, Agnes, and she
married in 1239 the Danish king Erik Plovpenning.
She is mentioned as a witness in a letter where
her husband a few months after his father king
Valdemar's death told his wish about being buried in
the dress of the Fransiscans and to be buried in their
church in Roskilde. Or else there is only an information
about Jutta, while she lived at Skanderborg, that
she was harrassing the monks at Øm kloster, she took
their harvested corn and brought it on boats to
her castle. J. had several children with Erik. It is
uncertain if there were sons, if so they must have
died before their father; four daughters are known,
two became queen: Sophie in Sweden and Ingeborg
in Norway, while Jutta and Agnes went to a
nunnery for a period. After Erik's murder in 1250 she
probably went soon to her home in Germany.She married
later Burchard of Rosenburg who was borggreve
in Magdeburg. A daughter of this marriage was
Sophie who was married to Erik of Langeland. </pre><pre><i> </i></pre><pre><i>Kr. Erslev
</i></pre><pre><i>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon</i></pre><pre><i>Project Runeberg</i></pre><pre><i>1887-1905 </i></pre><pre><i>translation grethe bachmann </i> <span style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Unicode">©</span></span> <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant: small-caps;">copyright</span><i> </i></pre>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-28600410388119108452010-11-22T04:22:00.000-08:002011-09-23T09:26:39.696-07:00Valdemar (III) the Young, 1209-31, ~ Eleonore of Portugal, --1231<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhs-x_zSKlJxI7Ig6t1y-Jb4D5GzQoFt4jD-8VltqbDLt1FZz0D9sONNN_mBlV_mex80SGNs1Y-6oKJzh8w_A44RkTZlzoCVW6e4YTBppXe-zvHAbMoZeMsrdTTDE4fgf7w7yPQ_VRHtyM/s1600/Borreby+slot+Gavno+mm+016+bjaelke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="89" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhs-x_zSKlJxI7Ig6t1y-Jb4D5GzQoFt4jD-8VltqbDLt1FZz0D9sONNN_mBlV_mex80SGNs1Y-6oKJzh8w_A44RkTZlzoCVW6e4YTBppXe-zvHAbMoZeMsrdTTDE4fgf7w7yPQ_VRHtyM/s320/Borreby+slot+Gavno+mm+016+bjaelke.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><pre><b> </b></pre><pre><b> </b></pre><br />
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<pre><b>Valdemar (III),</b> 1209-31, King, son of Valdemar
II og Dagmar , was born 1209. At a meeting of
the Danish magnates, which king Valdemar
arranged at Samsø in 1215, everyone agreed to
swear an oath to V., and shortly after he was
elected king (co-king) at Viborg landsting.
During a great feast in Schleswig on
Midsummer's day in 1218, with 15 bishops and
3 dukes present,V. was anointed and crowned.
He took part with his father in the unlucky
hunt at the island Lyø in the month of May
in 1223, where both kings were taken prisoner
by grev Henrik; and he was imprisoned until
Easter 1226, when he was released on the
condition that his brother Erik went to prison
instead. V., who was in the government together
with his father, was on Midsummer's day 1229
married in Ribe with princess Eleonore of
Portugal; bishop Gunner in Viborg, had fetched
the princess to Denmark, and in his "Levned"
(biography)is told, how the young queen and V.
loved Gunner as if he had been their father.
V. was praised for his mildness and kindness
towards everyone and was very popular; the Latin
elegi, which a cleric authored, when the kings
were captured,mentions him in the best words of
praise. It was a tremendous grief to the country,
when V. was killed during a hunt at Refsnæs 28.
November 1231. He was buried in Ringsted kirke
besides Eleonore, who had died three months
before in childbirth; their only child died
only six months old. </pre><pre><i> </i></pre><pre><i>Johannes C. H. R. Steenstrup.</i>
<b>Eleonore</b> (Alienor), –1231, queen, was a
daughter of Alphons II of Portugal and Urraca
of Castile. King Valdemar II Sejr, who had
been married to Alphon's sister Berengaria
(+1221), let by his delegate bishop Gunner
fetch her 18year old brother's daughter to
Denmark as a bride for his and Dagmar's son
Valdemar , who had been crowned king already
in 1218. The wedding took place in Ribe on
Midsummer's day 1229, and the next day E. got
as her morning gift the southern half of the
island Funen. Only 2 years later E. died in
childbirth, 28 August 1231, and three months
later her husband was killed by an accidental
shot. When examining E.'s grave in Ringsted
kirke, it was found that her skeleton showed
traces of a very endemic <i>benedder</i> (cancer of
the bones),which probably was contributory to
her death. At the foot piece of E.'s grave was
a leaden coffin, which contained the bones of a
child about 6 months old, already sickly and
scrofulous from birth. So E. gave probably birth
to a child, who survived her for only 6 months.
<i>Johannes C. H. R. Steenstrup.</i></pre><pre></pre><pre><b> </b></pre><pre><i><b>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon</b></i></pre><pre><i><b>Project Runeberg</b></i></pre><pre><b><i>1887-1905</i> </b></pre><pre><b> </b></pre><pre><b>translation grethe bachmann </b> <span style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Unicode">©</span></span> <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant: small-caps;">copyright</span><b> </b></pre><div align="center"></div><pre></pre><div align="center"></div><pre></pre>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-45151634729139598202010-11-17T14:34:00.000-08:002011-09-23T09:27:07.952-07:00Valdemar II Sejr, 1170 -1241, ~ 1) Dagmar of Bohemia, +1212; ~ 2 ) Berengaria of Portugal, +1221; and relation to Helena Guttormsdatter<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnhx4jRUDeNYyKr7_3LSV-X5QsIVvNnzTJHS2rE99tbu6IPdX4oV-gntKKsPus63OAOlHo1hlDl_d_4VubSTIotubf2jvJi7eq_g201BQzWwDvWYmoWfcV67-NR27UTh2DmJm3BgOlBb4y/s1600/middelalder+2+bjaelke.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnhx4jRUDeNYyKr7_3LSV-X5QsIVvNnzTJHS2rE99tbu6IPdX4oV-gntKKsPus63OAOlHo1hlDl_d_4VubSTIotubf2jvJi7eq_g201BQzWwDvWYmoWfcV67-NR27UTh2DmJm3BgOlBb4y/s320/middelalder+2+bjaelke.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnhx4jRUDeNYyKr7_3LSV-X5QsIVvNnzTJHS2rE99tbu6IPdX4oV-gntKKsPus63OAOlHo1hlDl_d_4VubSTIotubf2jvJi7eq_g201BQzWwDvWYmoWfcV67-NR27UTh2DmJm3BgOlBb4y/s1600/middelalder+2+bjaelke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div><br />
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<i><b>Valdemar II Sejr</b>,</i> 1170-1241, king, son of Valdemar I<br />
the Great and queen Sophie, was born around Midsummer's<br />
day 1170. Already when young his bold and lively personality<br />
awoke great expectations, and he was an obvious choice as<br />
hertug (duke) in Sønderjylland, which his father and<br />
grandfather had been.This position was however entrusted<br />
to his cousin bishop Valdemar Knudsen, but when V. became<br />
18 years of age, the position was given to him. The<br />
relationship between the two cousins soon became tense,<br />
and V. took several castles and estates from the bishop,<br />
probably with good reason, since he discovered that his<br />
cousin joined the enemies of the country; and the bishop<br />
was not backed up by the papal delegate who arrived to<br />
examine his complaints.The bishop fled to Sweden shortly<br />
after, and when he later recklessly attacked Denmark, V.<br />
took him prisoner.<br />
<br />
Grev (count/graf) Adolf III af Holstein was a very restless<br />
neighbour and showed both on this occasion and later on an<br />
obvious enmity towards Denmark; but he also caused<br />
aversion in his own country, and several members of the<br />
displeased groups went to see V. in Schleswig. In order to<br />
discipline him V. fell in 1201 into Holstein and conquered the<br />
open land and Hamburg and Lübeck, but he was not able to<br />
win Lauenborg. In a bold attack Adolf took back Hamburg,<br />
but V. stood unexpectedly outside the banks on Christmas<br />
Eve, and Adolf had to redeem himself by giving Lauenborg<br />
to V. The citizens of Lauenborg would not agree to this,<br />
and Adolf had to go to prison, which raised a tremendous<br />
hilarity in Denmark.When king Knud died without sons 12.<br />
Nov. 1202, V. was unanimously elected king; archbishop<br />
Anders Sunesen crowned him on Christmas Day in Lund's<br />
cathedral. The next summer V. went with a large army to<br />
the Elb; he was greeted as the lord of Nordalbingien in<br />
Lübeck, and Lauenborg surrendered soon after, when<br />
grev Adolf was released. V. installed his sister's son, the<br />
young grev Albert of Orlamünde as lord of Nordalbingien,<br />
and he governed the land with just and skill.<br />
<br />
V. made an expedition to Norway in June 1204 to support<br />
the throne pretender of the Baglers, Erling (Stenvæg); the<br />
swords were not drawn however, and the expedition was<br />
of no importance. Although Erling greeted V. as overlord,<br />
V. did not mingle in Norwegian affairs later on either. But<br />
there was still unrest at the southern border of the kingdom,<br />
not least caused by that V. on intercessions had released<br />
bishop Valdemar from prison, and that the bishop in spite<br />
of his oath let himself be elected archbishop of Bremen.<br />
The two brothers grev Gunzelin and Henrik of Schwerin<br />
showed furthermore a hostile attitude, why V. let the<br />
grevskab (county) occupy and forced them to greet him as<br />
their feudal overlord. During the feud between Germany's<br />
two rulers, Otto IV and Philip, V. took sides with Otto<br />
and supported him with money and auxiliaries, but after<br />
Philip was murdered (1208), Otto felt safe and was ready to<br />
turn his weapons against Denmark. Otto soon had a rival,<br />
Frederik II, and since he still gained more power in<br />
Germany, V. joined him. Frederik II was not interested<br />
in the northern parts of Germany, and he gave all lands north<br />
of the Elb and its tributary Elde (Dec. 1214) to V. This cession<br />
was soon confirmed by the popes Innocents and Honorius. <br />
<br />
But V. wanted to expand his power to more distant places,<br />
he wanted to free the Baltic Sea of pirates and spread<br />
Christianity to the heathen people along its coasts. After<br />
an expedition to Øsel, which he conquered, but which he did<br />
not keep occupied (1206), he went on a crusade to Preussia<br />
and Samland, and the duke of Pommerellen had to pay<br />
tribute to him (1210). The most important event was the<br />
large expedition to Estonia in 1219. With a fleet of 1500 ships<br />
he landed at Lyndanise. The Estonian chiefs seemed willing<br />
to surrender and to be baptized, but one evening they<br />
treacherously attacked the Christian army, who had to fight<br />
a very tough fight with the Estonians, but who also defeated<br />
them completely. The tradition has to this battle connected<br />
the tale about the cross banner (Dannebrog), which fell from<br />
the sky, while a voice was heard, that promised a victory<br />
to the Danes under this sign - so the Danes attacked again<br />
and won. With a strongpoint of the built castle Reval the<br />
Danish power spread across the country; V. lead two<br />
expeditions there (1220, 1222), but the possession was still<br />
not secure, and he lost it when the bad years arrived.<br />
<br />
Before the story about these is told, it has to be told about<br />
V.'s personal relations. He got married late. Before that he<br />
had a relationship to Helena, the daughter of the Swedish<br />
jarl Guttorm; she was a widow after Esbern Snare. She had<br />
the son Knud with V. With an unknown woman V. had a<br />
son Niels, who was married to Oda, a daughter of grev<br />
Gunzelin of Schwerin, she died early and left a son, Niels.<br />
Finally V. married in 1205 the Bohemian princess Dragomir<br />
(Dagmar), whose beauty and goodness won her all hearts;<br />
she gave in 1209 birth to the son Valdemar, but died already<br />
24. May 1212. Two years later V. married the beautiful<br />
princess Berengaria of Portugal; she gave birth to the sons<br />
Erik, Abel and Christoffer and a daughter Sophie. The next<br />
birth cost her life 27. March 1221. <br />
<br />
In the night of 6.-7. May 1223 a drastic change happened in<br />
V.s and his country's history. The king was together with his son<br />
Valdemar on a hunt at the island Lyø, when grev Henrik of<br />
Schwerin broke into the tents and after a short fight brought<br />
the kings as prisoners down to his ships. Grev Henrik wanted<br />
to revenge that V., probably wrongfully, on behalf of his<br />
son's son and under the absence of grev Henrik, who was in<br />
the Holy Land, had captured the half ot the castle Schwerin,<br />
since it was a pawn for the dowry of Henriks brother's<br />
daughter Oda. Henrik brought the prisoners to his castle<br />
Lenzen, and then to a castle Dannenberg upon the left bank<br />
of river Elb. This deed awoke dismay and instantaneous<br />
irresolution in Denmark. Grev Albert took over the job as<br />
rigshøvedsmand (vice regent), and the Danes addressed<br />
first of all the pope for assistance. After emperor Frederik<br />
in vain had made efforts to have the king handed over,<br />
various attempts were made in order to achieve an<br />
agreement with grev Henrik; the conditions were very hard,<br />
and it was said that the Danes interrupted the negotiations<br />
themselves. The allied German princes, who had freed<br />
themselves of obedience to V., attacked Holstein; Albert<br />
lost a battle at Mølln (Jan. 1225), he was taken prisoner and<br />
put in jail in Schwerin, to where the kings now had been<br />
brought. Denmark lost Lübeck, and Hamburg surrendered to<br />
grev Adolf. There was now no other way out than closing an<br />
agreement on the toughest conditions. The king had to pay<br />
45.000 Mark silver and much more, he had to give up all<br />
countries south of the Eider and the countries in the Wend,<br />
except Rügen and what belonged to this island. V. and the<br />
other prisoners had to be released gradually, dependent on<br />
the payment of the ransom. <br />
<br />
At Christmas time 1226 V. returned to Denmark, and he was<br />
still cautious for some months after the release, but then his<br />
vengefullness awoke, and pope Honorius released him from<br />
the oath he had sworn grev Henrik. He attacked Holstein,<br />
but the battle at Bornhøved 22 july 1227 brought him a<br />
decisive defeat; furthermore he lost one eye in the battle.<br />
From now on V.'s politics changed completely. In some<br />
negotiations with grev Henrik's widow he achieved in<br />
Schleswig in 1230 an agreement, where the sum of<br />
the ransom was considerably reduced, and the young<br />
princes, who had gone to prison instead of their father<br />
and brother, could now return to Denmark. V. entered<br />
into friendly relations with the north German princes;<br />
his son Abel married a daughter of grev Adolf of Holstein,<br />
and his other children were married to princes in Germany.<br />
The costy ransom had brought a strong economic pressure<br />
on Denmark, and in 1230 came other serious troubles,<br />
namely both cattle plague and famine, which killed many<br />
people; the year after lost V. his oldest son, so he had to<br />
undergo some dark hours. But he became matured by the<br />
disaster and displayed during the last decade of his rule an<br />
important work in the government of the inner circumstances<br />
of the country.<br />
<br />
V. was during all his rule a true friend and protector of<br />
the church; the archbishop Anders Sunesen was an<br />
excellent assistent in his crusades; bishop Gunner in Viborg<br />
was a faithfull adviser. By numerous gifts to churches and<br />
klosters or by favours he showed his warm interest for<br />
the ecclesiastical life. Most important of his work was<br />
his close relation to the popes and their always ready<br />
assistance in his enterprises. Innocents III had been his<br />
helper in the feud against bishop Valdemar and the<br />
German princes, Honorius III had been working for his<br />
release from his imprisonment; Gregor IX had in many<br />
ways helped him lighten the econimic burden in his latest<br />
ruling period. All these popes also showed by several<br />
pardons, how highly they appreciated him and his work<br />
for the Danish church. Pope Gregor also helped V.<br />
getting back Estonia. V. had not given up regaining his<br />
supremacy there, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword were<br />
very pressed by the heathen neighbours; and by some<br />
clever negotiations in Rome V. made the pope order the<br />
Livonian Brothers to give back Estonia to Denmark. In an<br />
agreement in Stensby at Vordingborg 1238 the German<br />
Knigh'ts Order - of which the Livonian Brothers of the Sword<br />
were now a part - transferred the landscapes Reval, Harrien<br />
and Wirland to king V. <br />
<br />
In all parts of the government was king V.'s influence obvious.<br />
Statistic and economic informations were gathered about<br />
the income of the country, the crown's estate and the royal<br />
ancestral estate, which is seen in "Kong Valdemars Jordebog".<br />
V. issued several statutories, but it was especially his great<br />
credit to let compose "Jyske Lov" with the advise from the best<br />
men of the country; it was issued in Vordingborg in March<br />
1241, and it has had an immense importance for the judicial<br />
life of the Danish people. During the next 100 years is referred<br />
regularly to the system of justice at king V.'s time as the normal<br />
and golden age. The first 20 years of his rule gave him the<br />
byname "Sejr" (Victory), which he was called since the 16th<br />
century, but he was also entitled to be named lovfører (legifer),<br />
which he was called already in the 14th century. The least<br />
accepted from his government was that he gave much land to<br />
his sons (Abel got Sønderjylland, Niels Nørrehalland etc.) or<br />
to relatives. Some transfers were necessary compensations for<br />
the loss from the unlucky years, others were by V. considered<br />
useful for the defense of the country, but the following times<br />
showed the danger by such an outparcelling. <br />
<br />
King V. died on Maundy Thursday 28. March 1241 in<br />
Vordingborg and was buried in Ringsted church. - there are<br />
no informations about V.'s looks and almost nothing about<br />
his personal appearance. But it is sure that he was highly<br />
respected by everyone, nothing is mentioned about any<br />
enemy among Danish men, nothing is heard of if he ever<br />
bore grudge to anyone. There was no rebellion or unrest<br />
during his rule, even in those years where he was imprisoned.<br />
An evidence about his many interests is that several Icelandic<br />
scalds went to see him and was received with hospitality. Olaf<br />
Hvítaskáld mentions the king's great knowledge, and how he<br />
tried to convert the runic alphabet into Latin letters. Icelandic<br />
sagas call V. the most excellent king in the Nordic countries.<br />
Contemporary sources from Denmark speak of him with<br />
gratitude and admiration, and the tradition never invented an<br />
evil deed ; it has only praised him for being a victor and was<br />
sad for him in his misfortune. When he died - an annual spoke<br />
like this not long time after - "faldt Kronen af de danskes<br />
hoved". (the crown fell from the head of the Danes.)<br />
<br />
<i>Kilder:<br />
Johannes C. H. R. Steenstrup. </i><br />
<br />
<i>Dansk Biografisk lexicon</i><br />
<i>Project Runeberg</i><br />
<i>Carl Fr. Bricka</i><br />
<i>(1887-1905)</i><br />
<br />
<i>translation grethe bachmann </i> <span style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Unicode">©</span></span> <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant: small-caps;">copyright</span><i> </i>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-80923656999397607712010-10-29T11:29:00.000-07:002011-09-23T09:27:51.996-07:00Hardicanute, 1018-42, and Gunhild (Kunigunde), son and daughter of Cnut the Great and Emma of Normandy. Gunhild ~ king Henrik III of Germany.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFwgsy2BwlxnchQEdjyoG3lQb3AgD-wsg8TiuIXOK6fx4DdETty9Yn0hDCZOyQ_820A7KBKFq2Cr6hjxEVDFmcOoRM7UvrnMTVPM1DdpTguF6Jz_FeyY3znVvKuxinfZqAWCxhQhGNYS2y/s1600/Skoerping+kirke+fresco+50-2003+bjaelke.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5533536647926521842" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFwgsy2BwlxnchQEdjyoG3lQb3AgD-wsg8TiuIXOK6fx4DdETty9Yn0hDCZOyQ_820A7KBKFq2Cr6hjxEVDFmcOoRM7UvrnMTVPM1DdpTguF6Jz_FeyY3znVvKuxinfZqAWCxhQhGNYS2y/s400/Skoerping+kirke+fresco+50-2003+bjaelke.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 110px; width: 400px;" /></a><br />
<br />
<pre>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon
<i>Carl Fr. Bricka
Project Runeberg</i>
(1887-1905)<b>
</b>
<b>Hardicanute,</b> 1018-42, king, son of Cnut the Great
and Emma, was appointed king in Denmark 1028, but
since he after his father's death stayed too long
in Denmark, his halfbrother Harald was elected king
of England. H. had been busy fighting Norway's
king Magnus, but he finally had an agreement with
him and could in 1039 go with a fleet to Flandern
to his mother. Harald died shortly after,and the
English magnates agreed in summoning H., who was
crowned king in June 1040. His rule did not last
for long, the weak king died 8. June 1042, when he
at a wedding toasted the bride; he was buried in
Winchester by his father's side.
Unfortunately there is nothing good to be told about
this last male of the Danish kings' family in
England; he had persecuted his opponents in a brutal
way, he had taunted his brother's body and imposed a
considerable war tax, which caused unrest in the
country.
<span style="font-style: italic;">Freeman, Norman Conquest I.</span>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Dictionary of National Biography XXIV.</span>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Steenstrup, Normannerne III</span>.
<b>Gunhild,</b> ab.1020-1038, daughter of Cnut the Great.
In his marriage to Aethelred's widow Emma of
Normandy Knud had two children, Hardicanute and
G. In June 1035 Knud arranged with Emperor Conrad
II a marriage between G. and the emperor's son
king Henrik, the later Henrik III, but Knud never
saw the marriage established, since he died 12
November 1035. The wedding took place in great
splendor in June 1036 in Nimwegen, where G. was
crowned and took the name Kunigunde.
G. is described as a fine and delicate woman with
a body and mind like a child. She had a weak
constitution and died after 2 years of marriage
18 July 1038; she had only one child, the daughter
Beatrix, who became an abbess.
Legend and folklore has incorrectly transferred to
G. the tale about a queen, who by her husband's
accussation of adultry proved her innocence by
letting a dwarf defend her in a fight with a giant
and defeat him.
<span style="font-style: italic;">Steindorff, Jahrbïcher des deutschen Reichs unter
Heinrich III.</span>
<span style="font-style: italic;">J. Steenstrup, Normannerne III.</span>
<i>Johannes C. H. R. Steenstrup.</i>
<i>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon
Carl Fr. Bricka
Project Runeberg</i>
(1887-1905) </pre><pre> </pre><pre>translation grethe bachmann <span style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Unicode">©</span></span> <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant: small-caps;">copyright</span> </pre><pre></pre><pre></pre><pre><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfh_1zjxOcoa5o9wPa6YgVWayiR18D0O9gRd6ZJbPkZUylEHxOdC4lp_JfpwXWlcYUaZkTf1479NWnpIOwR9FXyBdm1227PAaJpQC4dZkqBntDUzz2-FZPxxkutn997B3GW_2FC3t-C_m/s1600/stenb%C3%A5ndA.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5460670668704298962" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfh_1zjxOcoa5o9wPa6YgVWayiR18D0O9gRd6ZJbPkZUylEHxOdC4lp_JfpwXWlcYUaZkTf1479NWnpIOwR9FXyBdm1227PAaJpQC4dZkqBntDUzz2-FZPxxkutn997B3GW_2FC3t-C_m/s400/stenb%C3%A5ndA.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 78px; width: 400px;" /></a></pre>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-4682231213564730872010-10-29T09:50:00.000-07:002019-11-27T11:27:55.758-08:00Thorkel the Tall, -- ab. 1024, ~Eadgytha - and their son Harald Thorkilsson, --1042, ~Gunhild<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-AmjuJ7yg1k5EbFFfn5Ch2c4_0AvmwLloB21x4j9oBb3veIKOeMPLZKDVXFQ-6fOjfN1U0W7k-N0FbVr1TqEmefSuqjgw-eD_aQH68Om-1hlBnGUjlmh2-s_gSYbHutlajvXz0SdZyMaI/s1600/Skive+kirke+fresco+142-2005+bjaelke.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5533125332668923506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-AmjuJ7yg1k5EbFFfn5Ch2c4_0AvmwLloB21x4j9oBb3veIKOeMPLZKDVXFQ-6fOjfN1U0W7k-N0FbVr1TqEmefSuqjgw-eD_aQH68Om-1hlBnGUjlmh2-s_gSYbHutlajvXz0SdZyMaI/s400/Skive+kirke+fresco+142-2005+bjaelke.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 137px; width: 400px;" /></a><br />
<pre><i>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon
Carl Fr. Bricka
Project Runeberg</i><b> </b></pre>
<pre><b> </b></pre>
<pre><b> </b></pre>
<pre><b> </b></pre>
<pre><i><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Thorkel</b> the Tall,</span></i> --o.1024, Jarl, was the son of <span style="font-size: 100%;">Strut-Harald, </span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: 100%;">Jarl in Skåne.</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: 100%;">At the magnificent wake for his father, which T.'s brother, Sigvald,
the Jomsborg-chief, let celebrate, Sigvald swore on his Brage-cup to go on an </span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: 100%;">expedition to Norway to overthrow Hakon Jarl, and T. swore that he would accompany</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: 100%;">his brother. The expedition took place shortly after, but in the unlucky battle</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: 100%;">at </span>Hjørungavaag the two brothers were both the first to take flight; in the</pre>
<pre>famous battle at Svold (1000) T. is said to have given Erik Jarl, Hakon
Jarl's son, the useful advice to put logs from his ship up to Olaf Tryggvasson's</pre>
<pre>ship «Ormen hin Lange», so the ship began to lean and they could
enter it. </pre>
<pre> </pre>
<pre>In the Danish expeditions to England during the next years took T. part together</pre>
<pre>with the Jomsborg-vikings (1009). After having conquered Canterbury (1012),</pre>
<pre>when the Vikings assailed the captured archbishop Aelfheah to force him to pay</pre>
<pre>ransom, T. tried in vain to save the archbishop's life by offering a big
reward to the warriors. Shortly after had T. an agreement with king Aethelred;</pre>
<pre>with a crew of 45 ships he went to serve him and undertook to defend the country,</pre>
<pre>if he was paid living and clothes for himself and his warriors. </pre>
<pre> </pre>
<pre>T. met his duty in the following years; he defended London with endurance and</pre>
<pre>courage , when king Svend attacked the town, (1013), and Aehtelred seeked refuge</pre>
<pre>with T. on his fleet; T. and his warriors were paid 21.000 pounds.
Shortly after came a change. After king Svend's death ( February 1014) the Anglo</pre>
<pre>Saxons made an attempt to surprise the Danes in their castles; T.'s brother </pre>
<pre>Hemming was killed with all his crew. And T. left Aethelred and his case, he</pre>
<pre>sailed with 9 ships to Denmark and urged king Knud to attack England. With a large</pre>
<pre>fleet Knud went to England (1015) and subjected large parts of the country
during several struggles, in which T. took part, like at Ashington. At king</pre>
<pre>Edmund's death the same year Knud was elected king by all the people, and T. was</pre>
<pre>given the rule of one of the 4 large parts of the country, East Angel.
AFter king Knud had Eadric Streona killed, T. was for some years Knud's first</pre>
<pre>advisor and right hand. Upon the battle-field of Ashington Knud and T. built</pre>
<pre>together a church, and the church Bury St. Edmunds had a warm protector in T.; </pre>
<pre>he appointed monks to do service instead of priests.</pre>
<pre> </pre>
<pre>T. had married Eadric Streona's widow <i><span style="font-size: large;">Eadgytha</span></i>,a daughter of king Aethelred, </pre>
<pre>and this made Knud suspicious. Since the king had planned to let England rule by </pre>
<pre>the English only, he banished T.to Denmark(1021). A few years later he reconciled </pre>
<pre>with his old war comrade and turned over the management of Denmark to T. as a </pre>
<pre>guardian for Harald, Knud's and Aelfgifu's son, (1023), but T. died shortly after,</pre>
<pre>according an unreliable English chronicle he was let down by the Danish chiefs </pre>
<pre>and killed by the peasants. His son Harald was then by Knud appointed
regent in Denmark.
<span style="font-style: italic;">Munch, Det norske Folks Historie III.</span>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Freeman, The Norman conquest I.</span>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Steenstrup, Normannerne III.</span>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Stephen, Dictionary of national biography LVI.</span>
<i>Johannes C. H. R. Steenstrup.</i>
<i><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Harald</b> (Thorkilsson)</span></i>, --1042, Jarl, son of Thorkil the Tall, </pre>
<pre>was married to Cnut the Great's sister's daughter Gunhild. Knud appointed in 1028 </pre>
<pre>H. as regent in Denmark and the Wendic possessions. When Magnus the Good after </pre>
<pre>Hardicanute's death (June 1042) won Denmark's throne, was H. regarded as a</pre>
<pre>dangerous rival, and the Saxon duke's son Ordulf - who was married to Magnus' </pre>
<pre>sister, let H. kill 13. November 1042, when he after a pilgrimage to Rome went </pre>
<pre>through Holstein.
<i>Johannes C. H. R. Steenstrup.</i>
<i>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon
Carl Fr. Bricka
Project Runeberg</i>
(1887-1905)<b> </b><b> </b>
(1887-1905)
</pre>
<pre><b> </b></pre>
<br />
<pre></pre>
<pre><b> </b></pre>
<pre><b> </b> <span style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Unicode">©</span></span> <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant: small-caps;">copyright</span><b> </b>
</pre>
Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-60894976627693644862010-10-18T15:08:00.000-07:002011-09-23T09:28:45.957-07:00Svend Alfifasen, ab. 1015-ab. 1036, and Harald Harefoot, --1040, sons of Knud/Cnut the Great and Aelfgifu of Northampton.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCv2Gy9-lzEHx5O-je6IpHt6VVk9gnGadwfYPbI9NIlehmgVJthiT033HtsiwrpQfXoUshuDTUn8AoiOoaHONrv1hEyN9eSm-WDqXnGtIJ3SXPEjgLPchzk-25wVwJSHIpYMcyEi3bEh62/s1600/Asserbo+71-30A+bjaelke.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5529508684756853106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCv2Gy9-lzEHx5O-je6IpHt6VVk9gnGadwfYPbI9NIlehmgVJthiT033HtsiwrpQfXoUshuDTUn8AoiOoaHONrv1hEyN9eSm-WDqXnGtIJ3SXPEjgLPchzk-25wVwJSHIpYMcyEi3bEh62/s400/Asserbo+71-30A+bjaelke.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 134px; width: 400px;" /></a><br />
<pre><i>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon
Carl Fr. Bricka
Project Runeberg</i>
(1887-1905)<b>
</b><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Svend Alfifasen</span><b><b><b style="font-weight: bold;">,</b> o.1015-o 1036,</b></b> king in Norway, was
a son of king Knud/Cnut the Great and his mistress
(consort) Aelfgifu, a daughter of ealdorman Aelfhelm
in Deira. When Knud married queen Emma (1017 ), he
sent Aelfgifu with her sons Harald and S. to Denmark.
S. was later appointed chief at Jomsborg.After Knud
had conquered Norway he let S., who by his side had<b><b>
</b></b>Aelfgifu and Harald, Thorkil Jarl's son, as advisors,
take over the rule (1030).
S. was, without contradiction, elected king at all
the land's things; he was handsome and benevolent,
and the Norwegians admitted that he kept good peace in
the country. Various laws, which he carried through,
awoke some aversion - several laws were adopted in the
later legislation, and his power-hungry mother was
hated; and since crop failures happened, and since
miracles were seen at the killed king Olaf's grave,
announcing his holyness, the public feeling turned
against the foreign rule, and the Thronds fetched
Olaf's son Magnus in Russia. At his arrival S. and
his mother had to flee to Denmark, where S. died
shortly after (ab. 1036).
<span style="font-style: italic;">Munch, Det norske Folks Hist. I, 2, 813 ff.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">
Steenstrup, Normannerne III.</span>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Johannes C. H. R. Steenstrup.</span>
<b><span style="font-style: italic;">Harald Harefod</span>,</b> --1040, king, a son of Knud/Cnut
the Great and Aelfgifu of Northampton. When Knud
married Emma in 1017, he removed Aelfgifu and her
sons. H. was for a time king in Denmark with
Thorkel the Tall as his assistant and guardian;
later he resided in England. At Knud's death in
1035, the northern provinces and the sailors in
London - who was the pro-Danish part of the
country, and who did not like Knud's English-
National politics - joined with H., while the
land-army and the southern provinces acknowledged
Hardicanute.When his arrival to England was
delayed, and while Aelfgifu with gifts and tempting
banquets aimed at attracting Hardicanute's friends,
H. was elected king of all England in 1037,
whereafter Emma was chasen out of the country.
H.'s kingom did not last for long, since he after a
long sickbed died in Oxford 17. March 1040; he was
buried in Westminster. H. seemed to be of an
ambitious and violent character, and it was told
that he found more joy in hunts and dogs than in
church attendance.
<span style="font-style: italic;">Freeman, Norman Conquest I.</span>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Dictionary of National Biography XXIV.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">
Steenstrup, Normannerne III.</span>
<i>Johannes C. H. R. Steenstrup.</i>
<i>Dansk Biografisk Lexicon
Carl Fr. Bricka
Project Runeberg</i>
(1887-1905)<b> </b></pre><pre><b> </b></pre><pre><b>translation grethe bachmann </b> <span style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Unicode">©</span></span> <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant: small-caps;">copyright</span><b> </b>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfh_1zjxOcoa5o9wPa6YgVWayiR18D0O9gRd6ZJbPkZUylEHxOdC4lp_JfpwXWlcYUaZkTf1479NWnpIOwR9FXyBdm1227PAaJpQC4dZkqBntDUzz2-FZPxxkutn997B3GW_2FC3t-C_m/s1600/stenb%C3%A5ndA.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5460670668704298962" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfh_1zjxOcoa5o9wPa6YgVWayiR18D0O9gRd6ZJbPkZUylEHxOdC4lp_JfpwXWlcYUaZkTf1479NWnpIOwR9FXyBdm1227PAaJpQC4dZkqBntDUzz2-FZPxxkutn997B3GW_2FC3t-C_m/s400/stenb%C3%A5ndA.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 78px; width: 400px;" /></a>
</pre>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-85540347950420293822010-10-14T11:06:00.000-07:002011-09-23T09:31:22.137-07:00Canute the Great /Knud den Store, o. 995-1035, ~ Emma of Normandy, - 1052. (his consort before Emma was Aelfgifu of Northampton)<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGj8IUr9RQqZA6JYSnYtNJgDlopnq1HEVgMYp5p-HeM84Yp0Za5c7uQ7b1v-J79An2XqWwOV0kJRun_0q4_N0Kr7SA0dBPlO5hMzSEuLo7f4xXpjcBR_09p0aq2pZqabOrl0XMNtn-eLS7/s1600/middelalder+2+bjaelke.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5527929667583008370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGj8IUr9RQqZA6JYSnYtNJgDlopnq1HEVgMYp5p-HeM84Yp0Za5c7uQ7b1v-J79An2XqWwOV0kJRun_0q4_N0Kr7SA0dBPlO5hMzSEuLo7f4xXpjcBR_09p0aq2pZqabOrl0XMNtn-eLS7/s400/middelalder+2+bjaelke.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 135px; width: 400px;" /></a><br />
<pre><i>Kilde:
Dansk Biografisk Lexicon
Carl Fr. Bricka
Project Runeberg</i>
(1887-1905)<b>
</b></pre><pre><b>Canute the Great/Knud den Store,</b> ab. 995-1035,
king of England, Denmark and Norway. K. was a son
of Svend Tveskæg (Sweyn Forkbeard) and Gunhild, a
daughter of hertug Miesko of Poland. Svend had after
many war expeditions conquered England, but when he
died 3 Feb. 1014, the ousted king Aethelred returned
from Normandy, and his son Edmund Ironside took
bravely up the fight with the Danes. K., who was
appointed king by the army, had to leave the country,
the hostages he had been given from the Anglo Saxons
were put ashore, mauled on nose, ears and hands.
In the North was realized though that England was now
ready to be taken by the Danes. Knud's brother
Harald, who was elected king in Denmark, and his
stepmother Sigrid Storråde's son, the Swedish king
Oluf , gave him ships for a new expedition, and the
Viking chief Thorkil the Tall came to his service.
With a splendid fleet of over 200 ships the attack
on England could take place (1015), but the brave
Edmund, who after his father's death, 23. April
1036, was elected king, gave in 6 great battles the
Danes the toughest resistance. The two army chiefs
therefore agreed in sharing the country, and in a
meeting at Olney in Severn the kingdom was divided,
K. got the northern part and Edmund the southern.
But Edmund died on 30. Nov. 1016, and this death
was so convenient that the chronicle-writers later
quite unfoundedly accused K. for having arranged
Edmund to be murdered by the traitor Eadric Streona.
Now was K. elected king of all England.
K.s politics at once intended to reconcile the
fighting parties and people. He married (1017)
Aethelreds widow, Emma or Aelfgifu,a daughter of
hertug Richard I of Normandy, and it was decided
that K.'s and her sons became heirs to the throne.
The main part of the Danish fleet was sent back home,
and the Nordic chiefs, whom he in the first years
had given high positions, were gradually removed
from these, or they were exiled, while the Anglo
Saxons took their place. K. declaired, that the
existing laws, "King Edgar's Laws", had to be
maintained, and he joined closely church and clergy.
His kingdom had to rest upon national ground. But
K. had after his brother Harald's death (1018) also
won Denmark, and by new acquisitions his power soon
rose to a degree like an empire. In an expedition
in 1023 K. claimed power over large parts of the
south- and east coast of the Baltic Sea, he not only
controlled Jomsborg, he controlled several Slavic
people in Samland at the mouth of the river Weichsel.
When Norway's king Olaf den Digre (the Big) and the
Swedish king Anund Jacob joined against him, K. went
against them and fought a hard battle at Helgeå in
Skåne, (1026), but he did not win the battle. This
bad luck had to be revenged, and after K. by bribery
had won many supporters in Norway, he went there in
1028 with a fleet, which he had gathered in
Limfjorden. Without any battles he reached as far as
Nidaros, where he was celebrated king, and Olaf had
to leave the country. Hakon, K.'s sister's son, was
made governor, but although the farmers at Stiklestad
(1030) destroyed Olaf's attempt to regain the country,
K.'s power rested upon weak feet. K. appointed his
son Svend governor or king in Norway, followed by his
mother Aelfgifu, the ealdorman Aelfhelm's daughter,
with whom K. had a relationship when young. The
Norwegians found this foreign rule unbearable; the
killed Olaf's son Magnus was called back, and Svend
and Aelfgifu had leave. - K. had also to fight many
fights with the border-people in Wales, Cumberland
and Scotland, mostly with success.
But K. won his great name more by ruling in peace than
by wars and conquests. From the first day he showed
strange abilities in finding ways for his plans and
friends to work them out. His close connection to the
church was also very important. In his laws and public
messages to the people he always connected love for God
and for the king, religious belief and moral behaviour,
to keep the commands of the church and the secular laws,
and with a masterful hand he maintained both the power
of the state and the church. He supported churches and
kloster generously, and wisely he seeked papal support
for his power. A few months after the battle at Helgeå
he went to Rome and took part in emperor Conrad II's
coronation in St. Peter's Cathedral on Easter Day 1027.
It was the first time a Danish king visited Rome, and
it was certain that the travel aimed at political
purposes to the pope and other princes. K. achieved
that emperor Conrad gave him the dispouted "danske Mark"
(Danish land) at the Eider. K.'s religious politics
were of great importance, especially to the still half
heathen Denmark, churches were built, the bishoprics
were changed, priests were summoned from England or
from other western districts, and klosters were
established.
K.'s English laws were important because they created
a safe administration and a good order in the country,
and there is no doubt that he worked in the same way
in Denmark. In England he established an army of
3000 men, whose members (housecarls) were in a
brotherhood under a special law (vederlagsret): an
institution like this was made in Denmark, or the
English branched off to Denmark, where these laws soon
became important for the development of the aristocratic
landlords. Only few details from K's rule of Denmark
are known, but his influence is clear in the monetary
system.
Many bad deeds which earlier were ascribed to K., have
been removed by new critics, or they are seen in another
light.His temper could make him violent, like when he
let his unreliable brother-in-law Ulf kill in Roskilde
Trefoldighedskirke. K. owned diplomatic ingenuity and
used often cunnings, but he was not faithless, either
hippocratic, he was a devout man, and the famous story
about how he acknowledged his scepter's lack of power
on the waves by the sea, is a good description of his
pious mind. He favored poetry and scalds; a stanza he
wrote is still preserved.
But like most members of his family his life was short.
He died in Shaftesbury 12. Nov. 1035 and was buried in
Winchester. That age called him "the rich" *c: mægtige
(great); when Denmark later had other kings by the name
Knud, he was named "the old", but the name "the Great"
was used from the late 12th century. By his sons'
incompetence and early deaths England was not in the
Royal Danish family for long.
With Aelfgifu he had 2 sons, Svend and Harald Harefoot ;
in his happy marriage to Emma he had the son Hardicanute
and the daughter Gunhild, who was married to Henrik III
of Germany.
<span style="font-style: italic;">Lappenberg, Geschichte v. England I.</span>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Freeman, Norman Conquest I.</span>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Steenstrup, Normannerne III og IV.</span>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Ersch u. Gruber, Allg. Encyklopädie, 2. Section, XXXVII.</span>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Stephen, Dictionary of national biography IX.</span>
<span style="font-style: italic;">A. D. Jørgensen, Den nord. Kirkes Grundlæggelse S. 435 f.</span>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Olrik, Konge og Præstestand i den danske Middelalder I.</span>
<b>Emma</b> (Ælfgifu), --1052, queen, was a daughter of
hertug Richard I of Normandy; she was in 1002
married to king Aethelred of England, which
marriage was very unhappy, caused by the king's
incompetence as regent and his adultery. E. was
by the Anglo Saxons named Aelfgifu/Ælfgifu, she
had with the king the sons Alfred, Edvard
( the Confessor) and Goda (Godgifu). When Svend
Tveskæg attacked in 1013, E. had to (and shortly
after Aethelred) to flee to Normandy, where
Aethelred died 23. April 1016. King Knud den Store,
Canute the Great,had in the meantime subjected
England; he now asked her hand in marriage, and
after he had promised that their eventual sons
became first heirs to the throne, the wedding took
place in July 1017. The year after gave E. birth to
the son Knud (Hardicanute) and later the daughter
Gunhild (married 1036 to king Henrik III of Germany).
Knud lived in a happy marriage with his beautiful
and clever wife. E. was called "Normannorum gemma",
the Norman jewel, especially by the clergy, which
she protected. At Knud's death 12. Nov. 1035 E.
tried to keep the kingdom for her absent son
Hardicanute, but he stayed too long in Denmark, why
Knud's illegitimate son Harald Harefoot gained more
influence and chased E. out of the country in 1037;
the count of Flanders gave her residence and protection
in Brügge. Urged by E. Hardicanute came to Flanders
with a fleet in order to attempt an expedition against
England, but then Harald Harefoot died (1040). E. went
to England with Hardicanute, who was crowned king. At
his death (1042) Edvard inherited the kingdom, and
already the next year he robbed E. of her riches
"because she had done too little to help him, both
before he became king and later"; yet she kept enough
for her support and lived in Winchester. She died in
Winchester 6. March 1052 and was buried next to Knud
in the cathedral.
Freeman, Norman Conquest I.
Steenstrup, Normannerne III.
<i>Johannes C. H. R. Steenstrup.
</i><i>Kilde:
Dansk Biografisk Lexicon
Carl Fr. Bricka
Project Runeberg</i>
(1887-1905)<b>
</b>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton">Aelfgifu af Northampton</a> (c. 990 – after 1040) was
an Anglo-Saxon noblewoman who became the first
consort of King Cnut of England and Denmark, and
mother of king Harold I of England (1035–1040).
She served as regent of Norway from 1030 to 1035.
She is not to be confused with her rival, Emma of
Normandy, whose name could be rendered as Aelfgifu/
Ælfgifu in Old English,nor with king Aethelred's
first wife, Aelfgifu of York.
See:<i> </i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton">Aelfgifu af Northampton</a><span style="text-decoration: underline;">
</span><b> </b></pre><pre><b>translation grethe bachmann </b> <span style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Unicode">©</span></span> <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant: small-caps;">copyright</span><b> </b>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfh_1zjxOcoa5o9wPa6YgVWayiR18D0O9gRd6ZJbPkZUylEHxOdC4lp_JfpwXWlcYUaZkTf1479NWnpIOwR9FXyBdm1227PAaJpQC4dZkqBntDUzz2-FZPxxkutn997B3GW_2FC3t-C_m/s1600/stenb%C3%A5ndA.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5460670668704298962" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfh_1zjxOcoa5o9wPa6YgVWayiR18D0O9gRd6ZJbPkZUylEHxOdC4lp_JfpwXWlcYUaZkTf1479NWnpIOwR9FXyBdm1227PAaJpQC4dZkqBntDUzz2-FZPxxkutn997B3GW_2FC3t-C_m/s400/stenb%C3%A5ndA.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 78px; width: 400px;" /></a>
</pre>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-4775817798801968222010-09-07T22:57:00.000-07:002011-09-23T09:38:12.055-07:00Harald Skrænk, --1182--, royal descendant, son of Oluf?<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjBh-ruy7QcPkgQSL4VFXd8j4THL4yPY2Z1OO7_LjqDK_RJr3AdsIlduXye-lzSF95tGqYdKM0NSVczDO4ynszHoVsNUFge9bjjX49ineCxrwxRwGPgFwRXTXF-X_O32hkeqJWhJvOYbxW/s1600/Gjoel+kirke+relief+fabeldyr+102-2004+bjaelke.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5514416807552205506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjBh-ruy7QcPkgQSL4VFXd8j4THL4yPY2Z1OO7_LjqDK_RJr3AdsIlduXye-lzSF95tGqYdKM0NSVczDO4ynszHoVsNUFge9bjjX49ineCxrwxRwGPgFwRXTXF-X_O32hkeqJWhJvOYbxW/s400/Gjoel+kirke+relief+fabeldyr+102-2004+bjaelke.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 178px; width: 400px;" /></a><br />
<pre><b>Harald Skrænk,</b> --1182--, royal descendant.
When the villagers in Skåne were told about
Valdemar I's death (1182), they renewed at once
the rebellion, which was recently put a brake on.
Archbishop Absalon and several magnates had to
leave Skåne. In order to get a chief the rebels
called H. from Sweden. He is just called a Danish
royal descendant, but all indicates that he was
a son of Oluf, Harald Kesja's son, who once with
Swedish assistance was made king in Skåne. H.
was also supported by the Swedish king,Knud
Eriksen, and the earl Birger Brosa, who both were
his relatives. Except for his high descent H.
lacked everything which creates a chief. «It is
not easy to know, if the shame was on Sweden for
sending him or on Skåne for accepting him," says
Saxo. The citizens of Lund closed the city gates
for him, the king's and Absalon's army were
victorius at Lommeaa - in spite of heavy resistance
- over the rebellious flock, and H. had to take
flight to Sweden together with the leader of the
villagers, Aage. (1183). A new rebellion was about
to start, but Absalon appealed to the peasants, and
at the Thing the magnates judged H. outlawed. When
king Knud Valdemarsen shortly after came to Skåne,
H.'s supporters were punished with money-fines. His
own conduct had been without honour, the byname
"Skrænk" ( = bottom) is not a very courteous, but
a well deserved sarcasm for his quick escape.
<i>Hans Olrik.</i>
<i>Kilde:
Dansk Biografisk Lexicon
Carl Fr. Bricka
Project Runeberg</i>
(1887-1905)<b> </b></pre><pre><b> </b></pre><pre><b>translation grethe bachmann </b> <span style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Unicode">©</span></span> <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant: small-caps;">copyright</span><b> </b>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfh_1zjxOcoa5o9wPa6YgVWayiR18D0O9gRd6ZJbPkZUylEHxOdC4lp_JfpwXWlcYUaZkTf1479NWnpIOwR9FXyBdm1227PAaJpQC4dZkqBntDUzz2-FZPxxkutn997B3GW_2FC3t-C_m/s1600/stenb%C3%A5ndA.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5460670668704298962" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfh_1zjxOcoa5o9wPa6YgVWayiR18D0O9gRd6ZJbPkZUylEHxOdC4lp_JfpwXWlcYUaZkTf1479NWnpIOwR9FXyBdm1227PAaJpQC4dZkqBntDUzz2-FZPxxkutn997B3GW_2FC3t-C_m/s400/stenb%C3%A5ndA.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 78px; width: 400px;" /></a>
</pre>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-70962834010307294442010-08-29T12:24:00.001-07:002011-09-23T09:39:29.161-07:00Two sons of Harald Kesja<span style="font-size: 130%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Bjørn Jernside (Ironside), --1134.,<br />
~ Cathrine of Sweden</span><span style="font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: 130%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Oluf Haraldsen, --1143 (?)<br />
</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiZuG-2nusDq1n-WN3lcQKw_kTovyXYD6AjZE3Lv-1fYL1UDwPFSsf6B0X9bNsTuhLpPmh2wV0oWwOl2uR07WAGW9MYAMbKlcYJzfRScGB0-3Ikb8iBR7pGxbSv7t1yALCySDsGUGqHLM0/s1600/Broager+kirke+Sonderborg+166++St+Georg+bjaelke.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5510479439239495186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiZuG-2nusDq1n-WN3lcQKw_kTovyXYD6AjZE3Lv-1fYL1UDwPFSsf6B0X9bNsTuhLpPmh2wV0oWwOl2uR07WAGW9MYAMbKlcYJzfRScGB0-3Ikb8iBR7pGxbSv7t1yALCySDsGUGqHLM0/s400/Broager+kirke+Sonderborg+166++St+Georg+bjaelke.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 180px; width: 400px;" /></a><br />
<pre><b>Bjørn Jernside,(Ironside)</b> --1134. Erik Ejegods nonmarital
son Harald Kesja had 12 sons; among the oldest was B.
During the unrests after Knud Lavard's murder he joined
his father's brother Erik, who wanted to revenge the
murdered, and whom the Zealanders (sjællændere) and
Skånings had elected king. He followed him on an
expedition to Jutland (1132), where Erik at Onsild
bridge close to the town Hobro suffered a defeat and
had been taken prisoner by king Niels' men, if not B.
and the historian Svend Aagesen's(Aggesen) father had
fought the enemies so Erik could get to his ships,
where they quickly joined him. Although B. had been
so brave at that point, he was a few years later (1134)
killed by Erik, because he was a rival to the throne.
Erik was at that time sole king after king Niels'
death. B. had - like the earlier son of Regner
Lodbrog Bjørn - also achieved the byname Ironside for
his courage. B. was married to the Swedish king Inge
I's daughter Cathrine, they had a daughter Christine,
who became the wife of the Swedish king Erik the Holy.
<i>
C Weeke.</i>
<b>Oluf</b> (Haraldsen), --1143(?),counter-king, was a son
of Harald Kesja and Ragnhild. When Erik Emune
surprised Harald near Vejle and killed him (1135),
he let catch Harald's other sons, who were there and
let them kill; only Oluf , who was very young, got
away, dressed as a woman, and took flight to Norway.
In 1137 O. was in Gøtaelven (river) with a fleet
and was ready to claim the Danish throne; Sigurd
Slembe, who was on friendly terms with the Danish
government and who arrived on his ships from an
expedition in the Baltic Sea, took 3 of his ships
and chased him up into the country. O. later returned
to Denmark and demanded Erik Lam to give him his
family estate, but was rejected as the son of a
traitor. O. had to hide his anger, but he secretly
made a conspiracy and tried to attack Erik one night
at the farm Arne at Lund. Erik's guard prevented the
assassination, and O. had to take flight to Sweden.
He started a feud from here (probably 1140-43), one
of the bloodiest in Denmark's history; the legend
said that there were 3 battles in one day and 13
battles in one year. After Erik Lam had left Skåne,
O. attacked. Archbishop Eskil tried in vain to stop
him, but he was defeated and had to give up Lund to
O. He had to swear loyalty to O. and give him hostages.
Eskil took flight to Erik and forgot both oath and
hostages; but when the archbishop as a leader of
Erik's army tried to land in Skåne, he was unlucky
again. O. now found another archbishop, who also was
named Eskil. The victory made O. too self-confident,
he was suddenly surprised by Erik's attack, who let
his archbishop hang and brought him a terrible defeat
at Glugstorp. O. had to flee to Sweden again. O.
attacked soon after Bleking, but was again driven back.
In a quick expedition he killed many civilians in Lund
and attacked boldly North Zealand, but was defeated by
bishop Rike at Buddinge Å (river) between Gentofte and
Copenhagen), whereafter he took flight to Halland. In
a new attack he surprised the warrior bishop in Ramløse
at Arresø and put his house on fire; Rike asked for
peace, and O. gave him free passage, but killed him
anyway. But O. was then excommunicated by the pope,
and his luck now failed him. Erik pursued him into
Halland, and O. avoided an attempted murder, which
Erik's man Ingimar aimed at him, but then he was killed
together with many of his men in the battle at Tjuteå
in Skåne (probably in 1143). One of O.'s sons was
the later throne pretender Harald Skrænk.
<span style="font-style: italic;">Script, rer. Dan. I, 384 f.</span>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Saxo, ed. Müller.</span>
<i style="font-style: italic;">Hans Olrik</i>
<i>Kilde:
Dansk Biografisk Lexicon
Carl Fr. Bricka
Project Runeberg</i>
(1887-1905)<b> </b></pre><pre><b> </b></pre><pre><b>translation grethe bachmann </b> <span style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Unicode">©</span></span> <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant: small-caps;">copyright</span></pre><pre><span style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Unicode"> </span></span></pre><pre><span style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Unicode"></span></span><span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant: small-caps;"></span><span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant: small-caps;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfh_1zjxOcoa5o9wPa6YgVWayiR18D0O9gRd6ZJbPkZUylEHxOdC4lp_JfpwXWlcYUaZkTf1479NWnpIOwR9FXyBdm1227PAaJpQC4dZkqBntDUzz2-FZPxxkutn997B3GW_2FC3t-C_m/s1600/stenb%C3%A5ndA.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5460670668704298962" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfh_1zjxOcoa5o9wPa6YgVWayiR18D0O9gRd6ZJbPkZUylEHxOdC4lp_JfpwXWlcYUaZkTf1479NWnpIOwR9FXyBdm1227PAaJpQC4dZkqBntDUzz2-FZPxxkutn997B3GW_2FC3t-C_m/s400/stenb%C3%A5ndA.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 78px; width: 400px;" /></a></pre>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-8090323724534653552010-08-27T00:02:00.000-07:002011-09-23T09:40:02.690-07:00Harald Kesja, --1135--, ~ Ragnhild, a daughter of Magnus Barfod<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqJLTJGKWFNsKono6YTPJuCRM_8-aX9mXOVO5ZuMg0ezKvTugwxDbd_KaG1ayYnSAdZvYvkd1Id2vDib6O_KGAGifKlrv9ZvBW_gIY0yAt5mkbOPdHYJvTUZp6nQZgDJu-tE7Zzy3RxG71/s1600/Hyllested+kirke+Mols+100+bjaelke.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5510396616209114162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqJLTJGKWFNsKono6YTPJuCRM_8-aX9mXOVO5ZuMg0ezKvTugwxDbd_KaG1ayYnSAdZvYvkd1Id2vDib6O_KGAGifKlrv9ZvBW_gIY0yAt5mkbOPdHYJvTUZp6nQZgDJu-tE7Zzy3RxG71/s400/Hyllested+kirke+Mols+100+bjaelke.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 183px; width: 400px;" /></a><br />
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<pre><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Harald Kesja</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">,</span> --1135--, prince, was a nonmarital son
of Erik Ejegod and born long before his father became
king. When Erik was about to begin his pilgrimage, he
appointed H. as regent (1102).H. was a strong warrior,
who used his «Kesje» with great skill, the heavy
broad-blade spear; thus he must have got his byname
like other warriors, who were named after their kesje,
spear or sword. But he showed himself at the same time
as a not noble person, who misused the power for
robbery and violence. Asser who had just become an
archbishop, had to be his co-regent, but he had no
influence on H.
H. was hated by people, and when the message came
that Erik Ejegod had died (1104),no one wanted him to
be king; his paternal uncle Niels was elected. H.'s
descent gave him however a prominent place among the
Danish magnates, and he married Ragnhild, a daughter
of the late Norwegian king Magnus Barfod and a
stepdaughter of the Danish queen Margrethe Fredkulla.
Like his younger brother Knud (Lavard) he took part
in Niels' unlucky expedition to the Wendic chief
Henrik; upon a shield he was carried badly wounded
out from the fight at Ljutka. What else is heard
about him during king Niels' weak rule is not very
honourable.
He boldly continued his robberies. From the castle
Roskilde Havn (harbour), where he probably was the
king's chief, he plundered far and wide. He was
especially brutal towards the citizens of Roskilde,
until they in their indignation went against H. and
forced him to take flight. He was also ruthless and
arrogant to his own brother Erik (Emune). Under the
pretext that Erik was born in adultery, he denied
him any part of the ancestral estate; Erik then
harrassed his farms and brought the property to
Arnakke, probably close to the present town Nyborg,
but he soon had to flee from H.; H. feared however
a new attack from Erik and put parts of his property
which he couldn't bring with him, on fire. Their
brother Knud Lavard, who was Denmarks hertug (duke)
and most outstanding man, summoned both and judged
that Erik had the right to inherit his father.
H. was also know for his immorality; his wife had
to put up with his many mistresses and nonmarital
sons, who were considered a rising gang of robbers.
After Knud Lavard's murder (7. Jan. 1131) H.
actually went on the Thing as an accuser of Niels
and Magnus, but he did not use much power in order
to revenge his murdered brother. Erik on the other
hand became at once a leader of the revengers. He
denied the Danish crown for H.'s sake; but before
the year had gone, he let himself be paid tribute,
and H. was in rage when seeing himself neglected by
his younger brother.But he followed however,
together with his sons Bjørn Jernside(Ironside) and
Erik Diakon,in 1132 Erik on the expedition to Jutland
and took part in the lucky fight at Sejrø; but after
Erik's defeat at Onsild and his flight from Jutland
he joined Niels, although his two sons still were
among Erik's trusted men.In order to fight his
brother H. fortificated his castle at Roskilde; but
German workers from Roskilde made catapults for Erik,
and the stones crushed H.'s strong defence tower; H.
escaped with difficulty to Jutland, and the castle was
destroyed. At the castle site were later found a hidden
silver- and gold-treasure and a number of coins from
that period.
When king Niels after the battle at Værebro drove
Erik out of Danmark (1133), H. took a brutal revenge
towards the Germans in Roskilde; but the rumor about
their mutilation enraged the German emperor Lothar,
so Magnus Nielsen had to prevent the trouble by a
humiliating submission. H. took part in the last
battle of the civil war at Fodevig in Skåne. Here
Erik Emune killed Magnus og gave Niels a terrible
defeat (4. Juni 1134). H. lost his son Magnus in the
battle, but escaped with great riscs together with
king Niels. They went hastily west through the country.
On the way Niels appointed H. co-king, but his luck
was short. H. was wise enough not to follow the old
king to Schleswig, and after his kill he was paid
tribute by the Jutlanders and took up residence in
the area near the old royal castle in Jelling.
Unexpectedly Erik went in the beginning of 1135, in
spite of ice and frost, against him, surprised him in
Skiping (Skibet) at Vejle Å (river) and let his own
brother be decapitated. The year before he had
ignominiusly let H.'s oldest sons, Bjørn Jernside and
Erik Diakon drown in Slien, although they had not
joined H., but only advised their father to leave
Denmark. At Skibet Erik took H.'s other sons prisoner;
only Oluf got away and later returned as a throne
pretender, causing a new civil war.Erik now carried
through the extermination of H.s descenders.He brought
H.'s 8 sons east and sailed them to an island where
they were murdered and thrown into a hollow. Their
names were Sivard,Erik, Svend, Niels, Harald, Benedict,
Mistivint and Knud. Besides 12 sons H. had 3 others.
According to the legends Magnus, Oluf, Harald and Knud
were born in wedlock.
<span style="font-style: italic;">H. Olrik, Knud Lavard.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">(translated from Hans Olriks Danish</span>
<span style="font-style: italic;">text: grethe bachmann) </span>
<i>Hans Olrik.</i>
<i>Kilde:
Dansk Biografisk Lexicon
Carl Fr. Bricka
Project Runeberg</i>
(1887-1905)<b> </b></pre><pre><b> </b></pre><pre><b>translation grethe bachmann </b> <span style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Unicode">©</span></span> <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant: small-caps;">copyright</span><b> </b></pre><pre><b> </b>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfh_1zjxOcoa5o9wPa6YgVWayiR18D0O9gRd6ZJbPkZUylEHxOdC4lp_JfpwXWlcYUaZkTf1479NWnpIOwR9FXyBdm1227PAaJpQC4dZkqBntDUzz2-FZPxxkutn997B3GW_2FC3t-C_m/s1600/stenb%C3%A5ndA.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5460670668704298962" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfh_1zjxOcoa5o9wPa6YgVWayiR18D0O9gRd6ZJbPkZUylEHxOdC4lp_JfpwXWlcYUaZkTf1479NWnpIOwR9FXyBdm1227PAaJpQC4dZkqBntDUzz2-FZPxxkutn997B3GW_2FC3t-C_m/s400/stenb%C3%A5ndA.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 78px; width: 400px;" /></a>
</pre>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6518890096076336021.post-811237213730815672010-08-20T04:13:00.000-07:002011-09-23T09:40:36.773-07:00Hakon Jyde, --1131--, ~ Ragnhild), a daughter of Erik Ejegod<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv_K_a4nOg7zM1pRaVu2CmcEM_GD3DUCo1kctUoNRnsdglWIxZfVKCTtacx7xi7Kfk0y2LDt-bLf4RHuZHPQypMhyphenhyphenv6Z0fKi7yEV0cZji0NzR38SvEg9V2pzulR-LyXyGUt4Nf1NMIWpx6/s1600/middelalder.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5507444028308979282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv_K_a4nOg7zM1pRaVu2CmcEM_GD3DUCo1kctUoNRnsdglWIxZfVKCTtacx7xi7Kfk0y2LDt-bLf4RHuZHPQypMhyphenhyphenv6Z0fKi7yEV0cZji0NzR38SvEg9V2pzulR-LyXyGUt4Nf1NMIWpx6/s400/middelalder.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 202px; width: 400px;" /></a><br />
<pre><i>Kilde:
Dansk Biografisk Lexicon
Carl Fr. Bricka
Project Runeberg</i>
(1887-1905)<b>
</b><b>Hakon Jyde,</b> --1131--, chief, a son of a Jutland
magnate and the Norwegian Sunniva, a daughter of
jarl Hakon Ivarsen and Ragnhild,who was a daughter
of Magnus the Good. From his mother, who was of
high nobility, he was also called H. Norseman or
Sunniva's son. He married a daughter of Erik Ejegod;
acc. to Knytlinga Saga her name was Ragnhild. Saxo
says that H. won his bride by revenging the murder
on Bjørn, Erik Ejegod's brother, and he possibly
already was jarl at the southern border at that time.
He is later mentioned, when he took part in the
conspiracy against Knud Lavard; he met with Magnus
Nielsen, Henrik Skadelår, Ubbe Jarl and his son Hakon
Skåning, and it might be to distinguish him from
Hakon Skåning that he is named Jyde or Norseman. What
made H. join the enemies of his brother-in-law, is not
known; probably he just wanted to weaken Knud's power.
However he left the conspirators, when he discovered
they wanted to murder Knud; but since he had sworn an
oath not to reveal the conspiracy he was not able to
warn Knud about the danger. After Knud Lavard was
murdered in Haraldsted Skov (7. Jan. 1131) H. left his
passive role; together with Skjalm Hvide's sons and
Peder Bodilsen he stirred up the Zealanders against
Magnus and thus started revenging the murder. From this
time he is not mentioned.He was the father of Erik Lam,
king 1137-46.
<span style="font-style: italic;">H. Olrik, Knud Lavard.</span>
<i>Hans Olrik.</i>
<i>Kilde:
Dansk Biografisk Lexicon
Carl Fr. Bricka
Project Runeberg</i>
(1887-1905)<b> </b></pre><pre><b> </b></pre><pre><b>translation grethe bachmann </b> <span style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Unicode">©</span></span> <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant: small-caps;">copyright</span><b> </b></pre><pre><b> </b>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfh_1zjxOcoa5o9wPa6YgVWayiR18D0O9gRd6ZJbPkZUylEHxOdC4lp_JfpwXWlcYUaZkTf1479NWnpIOwR9FXyBdm1227PAaJpQC4dZkqBntDUzz2-FZPxxkutn997B3GW_2FC3t-C_m/s1600/stenb%C3%A5ndA.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5460670668704298962" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfh_1zjxOcoa5o9wPa6YgVWayiR18D0O9gRd6ZJbPkZUylEHxOdC4lp_JfpwXWlcYUaZkTf1479NWnpIOwR9FXyBdm1227PAaJpQC4dZkqBntDUzz2-FZPxxkutn997B3GW_2FC3t-C_m/s400/stenb%C3%A5ndA.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 78px; width: 400px;" /></a></pre>Thyrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06784021614587470421noreply@blogger.com0